GRIEVING PARTICIPANTS. According to Neimeyer (1998) grieving can be defined as:

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1 Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l Educació i de l Esport Blanquerna (Universitat Ramon Llull) GRIEVING DE LA AUSENCIA DE SIGNIFICADO AL SIGNIFICADO DE LA AUSENCIA: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DISCURSIVA DE LOS PROCESOS DE DUELO EN UN CASO DE PSICOTERAPIA Olga Herrero Esquerdo Luis Botella García del Cid INTRODUCTION According to Neimeyer (1998) grieving can be defined as: the reconstruction of a personal world of meanings that has been challenged by loss (p.92).. STUDY 1 STUDY 2 GOALS What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or PRAGMATIC AND RETHORICAL DEVICES How does the speaker achieve her discursive goal, point, or PHENOMENOLOGY OF A UNIQUE STORY OF GRIEF What is said during the therapy sessions? Therapeutic dyad included in the York University Unfinished Business Study (Paivio, 1993, Paivio & Greenberg, 1995). 1

2 THERAPEUTIC DYAD THERAPEUTIC DYAD THE CLIENT THE THERAPIST 37-year-old woman whose mother committed suicide when she was 11. Remarried. She and her present husband live together with her husband s two sons--from a previous marriage. The client experiences her relationship with her husband s sons as a difficult and anxiety provoking one. Psicóloga clínica con formación de doctorado en la York University. Formación específica en el modelo de resolución de asuntos no resueltos desde el punto de vista de la terapia experiencial. Técnica del diálogo con la silla vacía como intervención prioritaria. She experiences difficulties in intimate relationships with significant others. (Duración del tratamiento: 12 sesiones). PROCEDURE GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS OF THE THERAPY SESSIONS PROCEDURE The content of the whole experiential psychotherapy with this client (12 sessions) was transcribed by Lynne Angus Research Group at York University. Transcribed text amounted to a total of 375 printed pages. PROCEDURE 1. The text is divided in meaningful units of analysis (in this case, speech turns). 2. The meaning of each unit of analysis is synthesized in as many categories as needed. 3. Units of analysis are coded in those categories. 4. Categories are hierarchically organized as a concept map. 2

3 SPECIFIC PROCEDURE Goals: Study 1:Describing and interpreting the therapeutic process: pragmatic and rethorical analysis. Study 2: Understanding and describing the meaning of traumatic loss for this client in this therapeutic relationship. Step #1: Reading and understandig the whole text. Step #2: Selecting text segments relevant to research goals. Study 1: Analysis of the first session. Study 2: Analysis of the twelve sessions (selecting Discursive References to Grief-DRG). Step #3: Selecting the units of analysis. Study 1: Therapist s speech turns (ST). Study 2: Therapist s and (especially) client s speech turns (ST). SPECIFIC PROCEDURE Step #4: Dividing the text into the selected units of analysis. Step #5: Synthesizing the meaning of the units of analysis. Study 1: Answering the questions: What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or and her discursive goal, point, or Study 2: Answering the question: What is said in every speech turn? Step #6: Creating new categories by means of the constant comparison method. Step #7: Hierarchically organizing the categories created in Step #6. Step #8: Writing the research report. DISCURSIVE REFERENCES TO GRIEF (DRG): IDENTIFYING CRITERIA DISCURSIVE REFERENCES TO GRIEF (DRG): IDENTIFYING CRITERIA SPECIFIC PROCEDURE General criteria: Significant segments in the client s discourse that refer to the loss of a meaningful and positively valued element in her past. Such a loss is considered significant to the extent that it introduces a narrative gap between a before and an after the critical event. It also entails an evaluative shift in the client s narrative form defined as narrative movement relative to its evaluative shifts over time (Gergen, 1996). SPECIFIC PROCEDURE Specific criteria: DRGs are considered as such when they meet at least one of the following criteria: The text focuses on the person or the meaningful possession that has been lost, and on the client s difficulties with the loss. The text includes words such as: loss, death, suicide, or within the same semantic field. Pronouns such as it or this are referred to loss. The text establishes a parallel between feelings and emotions underlying the original situation of loss and present ones. Such a parallel constitutes an example of chained narratives (Ferrara, 1994, p. 67). 3

4 What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or RESULTS RESULTS OF STUDY 1 RESULTS OF STUDY 1 1. The discursive contract in psychotherapy: Contextualizing keys to legitimate the therapist s discourse and the negotiation of the therapeutic context. 2. Facilitating the client s discourse: towards increasing intelligibility. 3. Liberating the client from oppressive discourses: towards a dialogical transformation. 4. Facilitating the therapeutic relationship: Towards increasing understanding. What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or RESULTS OF STUDY 1 1. The discursive contract in psychotherapy: Contextualizing keys to legitimate the therapist s discourse and the negotiation of the therapeutic context. Use of authority Clarifying positions or disparity Use of expert voice Use of consensus Invitation or thematic restriction Language code (emotional terms) Authorization/permission Markers of relational assimetry Elaborating the complain RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO 1 2. Facilitating the client s discourse: towards increasing intelligibility. Yielding one s speech turn Metaphor extension and ratification Internalizing the client s voice Ventiloquation Periphrasis Mirroring Questions Open Closed Indirect Joint productions Negotiating the therapeutic goals Interrupting Process clarification Externalizing Increasing awareness 4

5 What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or What s the speaker s discursive goal, point, or RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO 1 Validating positive narratives Luis Botella: Using double voice or third speaker Vols dir temporal Internalizing the therapist s voice com a sinònim de 3. Liberating the client Explaining commonalities no permanente? from oppressive Acknowledging needs and wants discourses: towards a dialogical transformation. Therapist s use of deference Temporary dialogical transformation Co-construing theories so that the client can make sense of what is happening to her. RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO 1 4. Facilitating the therapeutic relationship: Towards increasing understanding. Providing comfort Using empathy Summarizing and checking that the client has been understood Clarifying misunderstandings Providing safety in the context of the therapeutic relationship Validating/acknowledging the client s discourse Resource to usefulness Origin of the critical event Critical event RESULTS RESULTS OF STUDY 2 RESULTS OF STUDY 2 Luis Botella: No se com traduïr això... Therapeutic guidance in elaborating grief Effects of the critical event (in General and upon the familiy) Momento de realizar la demanda Reconstruction process Extra-therapeutic impact of the process Negotiating the end of therapy 5

6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS INTELIGIBILITY The client becomes aware of her position in the world and in her relationships as a means to protect herself from the pain caused by her deep belief that she would be abandoned. She also becomes aware of the need to accept herself as a part of a story. TANSFORMATION The construction of the critical event is no longer a fragmented experience to become integrated in her own story. It also is no longer an inexpressible experience (a secret) to become something that can be expressed in a process of social validation: the therapist and the extended family. The impossibility to contruct an image of her mother at the beggining of therapy gives way to a construction that balances positive and negative images of her and the relationship between them. Reconstructing her mother s suicide entails reconstructing her own identity (from someone who cannot be loved since she was not even a motive for her mother to stay alive to someone who can be loved by herself). GENERAL CONCLUSIONS PRE-THERAPY POSITIONING Submitted to surrounding discourses that validate her passive position Voiceless (mother s suicide=taboo) Confussion/ininteligibility Outer control (powerless) Responsible=guilty (of the critical event) Carga Avoidance Anger Wrath Nagetive image of mother Suicide=disconnected episode in one s story Shame Past, present, and future disconnected from each other Destructive dialogues with herself Not worth of being loved VICTIM OF FATE/DOOMED BY HER MOTHER S SUICIDE POST-THERAPY POSITIONING Co-construction of an active position acknowledging her needs and wants Subversive, confrontative, and critical towards avilable discourses (the therapist validates her position) Clarity/awareness Inner control (she acts and decides) Responsible of herself Liberation Coping (acceptance) Sadness/calm Forgiveness Complete image (balanced) Integrated story Pride/acceptance Connexion and reconstruction of the whole story (openness to new versions) Dialogues focusing on resources Worth of being loved and having been loved PROTAGIONIST OF HER OWN STORY/ FIGHTING/SURVIVOR CONCLUSIONS GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FROM THE ABSENCE OF MEANING......TO THE MEANING OF ABSENCE 6

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