Unit IV Sensation Perception
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1 Unit IV Sensation Perception Module 16: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Module 17: Influences of Perception Module 18: Vision Module 19: Visual Organization and Interpretation Module 20: Hearing Module 21: The Other Senses 1
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3 Quick Write: If you had to lose one of your senses (either hearing or vision) which would it be? Why? Describe a time you were so caught up in an activity that you missed something obvious in the environment, or when the environment was so distracting you couldn t concentrate. 3
4 I.Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Objectives: Contrast sensation and perception, and explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing. Discuss how much information we can consciously attend to at once. Identify the three steps that are basic to all our sensory systems. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss whether we can sense and be affected by stimuli below the absolute threshold. Explain the function of sensory adaptation. 4
5 Sensation Perception Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous systems RECEIVE and represent stimulus energies from our environment. The process of organizing and INTERPRETING sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 5
6 Bottom-up processing Taking sensory information and works up to higher level processing. Sensation What am I seeing? (eyes see the bowl and contents, nose smells chocolate, pickles, and hot sauce, stomach churns, face grimaces, head turns away) DETECT through SENSES 6
7 Is that something I ve seen before? Top-down processing Constructs perceptions from the sensory information by drawing on our OWN experiences and expectations Perception Guided by higher level mental processes INTERPRET what our senses detect 7
8 Module 16 8
9 Module 16 Is this you? 9
10 Attention is POWERFULLY selective! Selective Attention: Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus Example: Cocktail PartyEffect Ability to attend to only ONE voice, while detecting your own name fmri scans show that multi-tasking distracts from brain s resources Our attention shifts back & forth while multi-tasking do- you- notice- about- these- photos.html 10
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12 Selective Inattention Inattentional blindness: Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere Our conscious mind is in one place at a time PIRA Change blindness: Failing to notice change in the environment A form of inattentional blindness Magicians manipulate our selective attention- Out of sight, out of mind the_hansen_files_with_chris_hansen/ Attention is POWERFULLY selective! 12
13 What three steps are basic to all our sensory systems? Transduction: conversion of one form of energy so that our brain can use/make sense of it. R.T.D RECEIVE sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells. TRANSFORM that stimulation into neural impulses. DELIVER the neural information to our brain. 13
14 Absolute Threshold Faint stimuli The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time Can be tested by exposing each ear to varying sound levels Single detection theory A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Detecting a weak signal, depends not only on the signal s strength but also out psychological state (our experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness) Seek to understand why people respond differently to the same stimuli Examples: teachers and cell phones, lonely speed daters being unselective, parents of newborn hearing faint whimper 14
15 Module 16 15
16 Subliminal Stimuli you cannot detect 50% of the time (below your absolute threshold) Under certain conditions, you can be affected by stimuli so weak that you don t consciously notice them Imperceptibly brief stimulus triggers weak response in brain. Only detected by brain scans. Priming The heart has its reasons which reason does not know. The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one s perception, memory, or response Experiment: image or word is quickly flashed, then replaced by a masking stimulus that interrupts the brain s processing before conscious perception Much of our information processing occurs automatically, out of sight, off the radar of our conscious mind. DUAL PROCESSING! 16
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18 JND? 18
19 Difference Threshold Minimum difference a person can detect between 2 stimuli 50% of the time (just noticeable difference {jnd}) Weber s law The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage; not a constant amount Examples: Quarters, envelopes, & shoes. 19
20 Sensory Adaptation Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation When we are constantly exposed to a stimulus that does not change, we become less aware of it because our nerve cells fire less frequently Influences our perceptions of emotions (see Fig.16.9 p.160) Examples: watch on wrist, smelly moth ball home, stinkies We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it. 20
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