Qualitatively different neural mechanisms for conscious and subliminal multiple word integration. Simon van Gaal ICON, July 2014
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1 Qualitatively different neural mechanisms for conscious and subliminal multiple word integration Simon van Gaal ICON, July 2014
2 Thanks to Stanislas Dehaene Laurent Cohen Lionel Naccache Alexandra Leighton Anouk van Loon Julia Meuwese
3 The general questions What are the limits of unconscious cognition? What is consciousness good for?
4 Are there any limits to unconscious processing? Cognitive control Task switching Error/conflict detection Motor responses Numbers Attention Response inhibition Meaning Orientation Values Fear Sounds Face recognition reading van Gaal et al., J. Neurosci. (2008, 2010); Lau and Passigham, J. Neurosci. (2007) Many labs ( )
5 Consciousness: It is all about the extent and duration of activation Similar initial sensory processing P1 : 96 ms N1 : 180 ms Seen Not seen -2 V +2 V -4 V +4 V Late all-or-none waveforms P3a : 436 ms P3b : 576 ms Seen Not seen -2 V +2 V -2 V +2 V Dehaene et al., Neuron (2011) Sergent et al., Nature Neuroscience (2005)
6 Dissociating conscious and unconscious processes Conscious processing Durable information maintenance Global information processing Rich recurrent information sharing among distant regions (recurrent broadcasting mode) Unconscious processing Fleeting information (decays quickly) Processing in local modules Limited (recurrent) information sharing among regions ( feedforward mode ) What are the consequences of these neural differences for cognition and behavior? Hypothesis: Stimulus awareness becomes crucial when mulitple stimuli have to be maintained and flexibly integrated (requires information sharing among regions) de Lange*, van Gaal* et al., (2011) PLoS Biology Mainly Dehaene, Naccache and colleagues
7 The present study Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously? More specifically: Can negation processes operate unconsciously? (e.g., I am not happy) Armstrong and Dienes (2013, Consc. & Cogn.) for behavioral evidence for unconscious negation Sklar et al., (2012, PNAS) for behavioral evidence for unconscious multiple word integration Negation is difficult, takes time, and probably relies on high-level control processes and working memory (e.g., Deutsch et al., 2006)
8 The classical masking paradigm Incongruent trials (bad-peace, good-war) Congruent trials (good-peace, bad-war) Priming effect: Worse performance to incongruent than congruent trials (RTs and error rates) -3 Congruent Incongruent +2 N400 Greenwald et al., Science (1996); Kiefer et al., Neuroreport (2000)
9 Masking, negation, EEG (N=25) not bad, very bad, not good, very good etc. (10 different adjectives) Discrimination performance for masked stimuli at chance-level (Bayes = ~3 for H0) 2 sessions: 1 st behavioral, 2 nd EEG peace, war, love etc. (10 different targets) In conscious trials masks are replaced by blanks (same overall timing). van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
10 Behavior (conscious, but no unconscious negation) 490 Unmasked (conscious) trials Conclusions based on behavior Typical one-word priming effects (p<0.01) Same effects for day 1 (before training) not-sadpeace not-bad peace very-sadpeace very-bad peace No evidence for unconscious negation in behavior (absence of interaction) Also not observed with other versions of this task (i.e., a temporal version) Note that the negation effect is small, even for conscious stimuli (interaction: p<0.05) 430 not-good not-happypeace peace very-happypeace very-good peace very not (adjective-target) van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
11 EEG analysis: two typical language-related EEG components N400 The N400 is associated with (simple) semantic or lexical violations and thought to reflect rather automatic processes that are specific to language P600 The P600 might reflect more controlled processes, including the re-analysis, monitoring or repair of the inconsistent preceding language material (not necessarily specific to language) Kos et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2010)
12 Adjective priming (single prime effects) incongruent vs. congruent (e.g., bad-peace/good-war vs. good-peace/bad-war) collapsed across modifier identity (very, not) P600 N400 N400 FDR<0.05, corrected acrsss time, no other significant components van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
13 Adjective priming (single prime effects) Head maps: incongruent congruent NS. * * * * van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
14 Negation effect (two prime effects) Head maps: Incongruent congruent (e.g., very-bad-peace /not-good-peace > not-bad-peace/very-good-peace) NS. * * * * van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
15 Data summary Behavior No behavioral evidence for unconscious negation (Draine, 1997). But see Armstrong and Dienes, Consciousess and Cognition (2013) EEG Replicated N400 single word priming effects Negations could unfold partly unconsciously similar N400 effects for conscious and unconscious negations ( early processing is similar ) Only conscious inconsistent three word sequences elicited P600 effects ( late all-or-none effects ).
16 Interpretation Two unconscious words can be rapidly integrated and an unconscious negation can automatically flip the sign of an unconscious adjective However, multiple word integration seems qualitatively different for conscious and unconscious words (at least for negation) Hypothesis: The time-consuming re-analysis of the preceding word sequence (reflected in the P600), which relies on active working memory mechanisms, might require conscious awareness
17 Thanks for your attention
18 van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
19 Negation effect (two prime effects) Head maps: Incongruent congruent (e.g., very-bad-peace > not-bad-peace) van Gaal et al., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, B (2014)
20 Sophisticated unconscious information processing stimuli Words Numbers Emotional Dehaene et al., Nat. Neurosci., 2001 Naccache et al., Cereb. Cortex, 2002 Whalen et al., Science, 1998
21 The general question What are the limits of unconscious information processing? What is consciousness good for? Hypothesis: Awareness is beneficial/necessary for the integration/accumulation of multiple pieces of information across time CONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS Input = strong, attended Input = masked weak, interrupted Dehaene & Changeux, Neuron (2011)
22 Awareness changes evidence accumulation Conclusion: Qualitative differences in the accumulation of evidence across time depending on the level of awareness of the sensory information (see also Sackur & Dehaene, Cognition, 2009) de Lange et al., Plos Biology (2011)
23 Dissociating conscious and subliminal processing Dehaene et al., TICS (2006)
24 Unconscious integration of information across time? I played the melody (congr.) vs. I smelled the melody (incongr.) Breaks suppression ~20 ms earlier Sklar et al., PNAS (2012)
25 The classical masking paradigm Incongruent trials (bad-peace, goodwar) Congruent trials (good-peace, badwar) Priming effect: Worse performance to incongruent than congruent trials (RTs and error rates) -3 Congruent Incongruent +2 N40 0 Kiefer et al., Neuroreport (2000)
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