Comparison of Simple and Choice Reaction Time in Tennis and Volleyball Players

Transcription

1 International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, 213 Available online at http: ISSN VictorQuest Publications Comparison of Simple and Choice Reaction Time in Tennis and Volleyball Players Hamid Foroghipour 1 *, ahdi Omidzadeh onfared 2, ehdi Pirmohammadi 2, Reza Saboonchi 1 1- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Boroujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran 2- Bourojerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Bourojerd, Iran *Corresponding Author, h_foroghipour@yahoo.com Abstract As the reaction time is one of success factors in sport, so the research aim is study of simple and choice reaction time of hands and legs in group and individual sports. Research method is semi-experimental. The statistical sample included 21 students which had no athletic experience before. They all participated in pre-test of hand and leg trough reaction timer set, in millisecond level and then divided to two groups (Volleyball and Table Tennis). They practiced the skills for 24 sessions. Finally they participated in post-test. The T test and ANOVA have used for data analysis. Results showed that there is Significant Difference in Simple Reaction Time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) between Pre and Post test in Table tennis subjects(p<). There is significant difference in choice reaction time of Volleyball group; however there is no significant difference in choice reaction time (p<). Finally there is no significant difference between Table tennis and Volleyball groups. Reaction time is one of physical fitness factors which is connected with many sport skills. It seems that reaction time has very important role in Volleyball and Table tennis. Key Words: Reaction Time, Sport, Volleyball, Table Tennis Introduction Volleyball and Table tennis are dynamic and physical games based on speed and power which are very popular among the people especially students, Volleyball as a group sport and Table tennis as an individual sport have several aspects and they are important in many physical fitness factors. In volleyball and table tennis different, fast and successive movements are required and various different actions are fit into a short amount of time (cleod, 1987). Reaction time is one of human abilities that involves in physical activity almost in all sports and it is important factor to winning when a athlete dominate others, it means that he/she should produce faster response (Schmidt et al., 25). One of the most popular theories of human performance is the information processing theory which mean that human processes the environmental stimulus s for each activity (Schmidt et al., 25). It is assumed that there is many information in the environment and information receives and processes through the memory systems. Environmental data arrives as input into processing stage which takes place in the brain and ultimately lead to motor behavior which is known as output (Schmidt et al., 25). In fact this is decision making process that is match with reaction time process. Reaction time is the time between stimulus and start of response so less reaction time can mean that information may processes with more speed (Schmidt et al., 25). Reaction time is the period between the appearance of a rapid signal without a 74

2 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, 213 predecessor and the answer given to it. Reaction time is a decisive factor in many sports and can be developed by regular training (Bonpa, 1998). Charu (28), studied effect of special motor skills on reaction time and find that these skills are effective in improving reaction time. Zwierko (21), conducted a study on volleyball athletes and non athletes reaction time, and find that visual stimuli s transmutes faster in athletes so she attributed this to speed of information processing and said that physical activity has improved it. Exercise is one of influencing factor on the reaction time and reaction time reduces by amount of exercise and there are some comments on improving the skill level which states it reduce the reaction time (Zwierko, 21). Van Biesen (21), through study on tennis players find that reaction time, coordination, eye movement and performance are significantly better than control group. He concluded that tennis training have led to these changes. Delignieres (1994), have studied effect of exercise on choice reaction time in athlete and non athlete groups. Results showed that in athlete group more attempt led to better performance but more attempt led to instability in non athletes. Also Devranche (26), found that physical activity reduces reaction time. However many researches confirm the positive effect on reducing reaction time, simultaneously there are different researches results that show other findings. Ando (21) found that reaction time increases in high physical difference between karate and volleyball athletes reaction time. Draper (21), found that simple and choice reaction time have significant difference in intensive and slight exercises and intensive exercises have negative effect on choice reaction time but have no significant effect on simple reaction time. Although there are different results between physical activity and reaction time but there are some other important issues to study like simple and choice reaction time in group and individual sports. Therefore this research designed to study simple and choice reaction time of Volleyball and Table tennis (as group and individual sports). aterials and ethods Research method is semi-experimental. The statistical sample included 21 students which had no athletic experience before. First of all they have participated in simple and choice reaction time pre-test. In order to measure the reaction time the Reaction Timer set device was used. The device has the aspect of measuring the light reaction time and can show the results on screen. In order to react as fast as possible to the stimulus sent by a sensitive button, experiment subject touched the button in front of him with his hand or foot. During tests, players successfully carried out the test s directives and were encouraged to have the maximum attention. Then subjects divided randomly into Table tennis and Volleyball groups. Subjects have learned each sport skills for a few sessions and then continued the training process for 24 sessions. Finally all subjects attended in post- test. The descriptive statistical analyzes of the data recorded were performed by computing the mean and standard deviation values by the use of SPSS 15. statistical software The Levene's test has used to assess the equality of variances in two groups. Evaluation of the differences between these values performed by computing Paired and independent T test using mean and standard deviation have used for data analysis at the significance level of p<. Hypothesis analyzed pre and post test records of simple and choice reaction time of two groups separately. Then two groups position have compared with each other if there were significant difference in same factor in two groups. It is remarkable point to say that same gym sight have used for pre and post-test stages. The researchers had limitation to control following factors: out of program physical activity, nutrition, drug and alcohol. 75 Results The subject s descriptive characteristics are shown in table (1). First and second hypothesis analysis pre and post test records of simple and choice reaction time of Table tennis group through paired T test. Results are shown in Table (2). Data analysis show that significance level for table tennis group simple reaction time is under (P=.49), it means that the simple reaction time have reduced significantly in this group. And significance level for choice reaction time is under too (P=.28), that shows significant reduce in choice reaction time after 24 sessions training Table tennis. This information is shown in figure (1 and 2). The other hypothesizes analysis pre-post test records of simple and choice reaction time in volleyball group through paired T test. The results are shown in table (3). Data analysis show that significance level for volleyball group simple

3 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, 213 reaction time is higher than (p=.241) it means that there is no significant difference between pre and post test simple reaction time. Other information show that significance level for choice reaction time is under (P=.23). It means that choice reaction time have reduced significantly after 24 session training Volleyball. This information is shown in figure (3 and 4). Other hypothesis analysis choice reaction time between table tennis and volleyball groups using gain score of each group through independent test, because choice reaction time of two groups showed significant difference between pre and post test. Results are shown in table (4). Data analysis shows that there is no significant difference between two groups choice reaction time(p=.224). This information is shown in figure (5). Table 1: Subjects descriptive characteristics Group N Weight Hight Age µ µ µ Volleyball Table Tennis Table 2: Comparison of Pre-Post Simple and Choice Reaction Time of Table Tennis parameter stage µ sd t df p- value Simple RT Pre Test Simple RT Post Test 4.42 Choice RT Pre Test Choice RT Post Test Simple RT Pre Simple RT Post m sd Figure 1: Comparison of Pre-Post Simple Reaction Time of Table Tennis Choice RT Pre Choice RT Post Figure 2: Comparison of Pre-Post Choice Reaction Time of Table Tennis 76

4 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, 213 Table 3: Comparison of Pre-Post Simple and Choice Reaction Time of Volleyball parameter µ sd t df p stage Simple RT Pre Test Simple RT Post Test Choice RT Pre Test Choice RT Post Test Simple RT Pre Simple RT Post Figure 3: Comparison of Pre-Post Simple Reaction Time of Volleyball Choice RT Pre Choice RT Post Figure 4: Comparison of Pre-Post Choice Reaction Time of Volleyball Table 4: Comparison of Choice Reaction Time between Volleyballs and Table tennis parameter µ sd df t p stage Table Tennis Volleyball Tennis Volleyball Figure 5: Comparison of Choice Reaction Time between Volleyball and Tennis 77

5 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, Discussion and conclusion Results showed significant reduce in simple reaction time in table tennis group. This result is match with (Davranche et al., 26; Van Biesen et al., 21). Davranche (26) stated that physical activity would reduce reaction time and Van Biesen (21) after study on tennis players said that their reaction time is better than control group. He said tennis training here were cause of the reaction time change. Behavioral scientists believe that reaction time and movement have close interaction so do affect on each other. It seems that table tennis group exercise led to better neuromuscular performance and therefore better neural system coordination and the reaction time reduce (Schmidt et al., 25). Other results showed that volleyball group simple reaction time had no significant difference between pre and post test, so it seems that table tennis training is more effective on simple reaction time in compare of volleyball. Results showed that both groups choice reaction time have reduced significantly. These results are match with (Davranche, 26; Van Biesen et al., 21; Charu et al., 28; Zwierko et al., 21). But it is no match with results (deliguers, 1994). While reaction time have close coordination with information processing stages so less reaction time means that information passes faster from information processing stages (Schmidt et al., 25). Choice reaction time reduce after table tennis and volleyball training means that their information processing speed have grew up into environmental stimulus s and then led to improve choice reaction time. Volleyball participation provides more and variety stimulus s which need more attention and more attention to these stimulus s perhaps led to reinforce information processing mechanism and then led to improve subjects choice reaction time. Therefore it seems exercises who provide more stimuli uses for athletes may involve neural processing system with more options. Since the choice reaction time of table tennis showed significant reduce too, thus it seems that table tennis training might be effective on choice reaction time reduce. There were no significant difference between volleyball and table tennis groups choice reaction time, it shows that both sport skill training might reduce choice reaction time equally. These results confirm with (Zwierko et al., 21; Charu et al, 28) studies which have seen some skills and sport participation effective on reaction time. Results shows that sport participation is effective on reaction time reduce. Table tennis training showed simple reaction time reduce, and volleyball and Table tennis as a group sport skill showed choice reaction time reduce. Simple reaction time reduces in table tennis mentions faster information processing of the mono- stimulus s reinforcement. And choice reaction time reduces in volleyball and Table tennis mentions that variety of stimulus s reinforcement the information processing system. Acknowledgement The Authors Thank the Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, for their Financial Support, also thank the stuff of the Deputy of Research, Specifically Dr.J ahdian the Research Assistant of the University. References Ando S, Yamada Y, Tanaka T, Oda S, Kokubu, 29. Reaction time to peripheral visual stimuli during exercise under normoxia and hyperoxia. Eur JAppl Physiol 16: Bompa T.O, Antrenman Kuramı ve Yöntemi, İlknur K.A, Burcu T, (Çev) Ankara, Bağırgan Yayınevi. Davranche K, Burle B, Audiffren, Hasbroucq T, 26. Physical exercise facilitates motor processes in simple reaction time performance. An electromyography analysis.neuroscience letters. Volume 396, Issue 1; Delignières D, Brisswalter J, Legros P, Influence of physical exercise on choice reaction time in sport experts: the mediating role of resource allocation. Journal of human movement studies. 27, Draper S, corris T, Parker John K, 21. Effect of acute exercise of differing intensities on simple and choice reaction and movement times. Journal of psychology of sport and exercise. Vol 11(6), Nov 21, cleod P, Visual reaction time and high-speed ball games. Perception, 16, Van Biesen D, Verellen J, eyer C, actavish J, Van de Vliet P, Vanlandewijck Y, 21. The ability of elite table tennis players with intellectual disabilities to adapt their service/return. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 21 Jul; 27(3):

6 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 3 (1), 74-79, 213 Charu S, Rini K, Arun P, 28. Reaction time of a group of physics students. Department of Physics and Electronics, S G T B Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 11 7, India Schmidt RA, Lee, Timothy D, 25. otor control and learning: A Behavioral emphasis, Human Kinetics, 4th Ed. Zwierko T, Wiesław W, Damian F, 21. Speed of visual sensor motor processes and conductivity of visual pathway in volleyball players. Journal of Human Kinetics volume 23(1),