Is Tanning Related to Need for Acceptance? Erica Bewley, Natalie Kent, and Emilee Roberts. Hanover College. PSY 220: Research Design and Statistics
|
|
- Damian Bell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Running head: The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 1 Is Tanning Related to Need for Acceptance? Erica Bewley, Natalie Kent, and Emilee Roberts Hanover College PSY 220: Research Design and Statistics Winter 2012
2 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 2 Abstract This study was designed to examine the relationship between tanning and the need for acceptance. 76 participants (56 females and 20 males) were randomly sampled to complete an online questionnaire sent via . The questionnaire was designed to measure each participant s need for acceptance, attitudes toward tanning, and tanning behaviors. There was a significant positive correlation between attitudes toward tanning and scores on the need for acceptance scale, r(76) = +0.43, p <.001, indicating that people with attitudes more in favor of tanning scored higher on the need for acceptance scale. In addition, women scored significantly higher on the need for acceptance scale than men, t(33.39) = 2.35, p < On average, females scored 2.50, while men scored The 95% confidence interval for the effect of gender on scores on the need for acceptance scale is between 0.05 and 0.7 points.
3 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 3 Is Tanning Related to Need for Acceptance? Tanning is the act of going to an indoor tanning salon, laying outside, or using lotion in order to increase the pigmentation of your skin to make appear darker. Indoor tanning salons consist of tanning beds, which contain UV lights that serve as artificial sunlight in order to create a tan. Outdoor tanning would obviously result in color from the natural sun, and spray tanning coats the skin with a layer of dark color. People partake in various appearance-related behaviors. Appearance-related behaviors not only include actions that influence a person s physical appearance, but affect their social appearance as well. One fairly new behavior that has swept through the United States is the use of tanning beds. There are endless reasons why someone would choose to take part in the act; one reason, interestingly enough, might be linked with a person s need for acceptance. Prior to the 20th century, pale skin was often perceived as a mark of beauty, wealth, and refinement in Western countries. Tanned skin in the period was considered to be typical of manual laborers, linked to their working outside. According to an overview of fashion magazines, the trend for wanting tanned skin started in 1928 (Martin et al., 2009). Today, people with tan skin are often perceived as more beautiful, intelligent, and attractive than people with pale skin (Cox et al., 2009). Tanning has become a normal activity in many people s lives. One reason for this is that tanned skin is perceived as attractive. When men are given the option of deciding if a woman is more intelligent if she is dark tan, versus medium tan, they almost always choose the girl with the darkened skin (Banerjee, Campo, & Greene, 2008). This
4 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 4 displays the importance of understanding why people are so motivated to live up to cultural standards even when such efforts compromise health and safety (Cox et al., 2009) However, studies have linked UV rays to skin cancer. Studies have shown that indoor tanning leads to similar, if not worse, adverse health effects than the sun (Lessin, Perlis, & Zook, 2012). A study by Knight et al. (2002) showed that more than 90% of tanning bed users were knowledgeable of the risks of premature aging and skin cancer but continued to tan for cosmetic reasons (Martin et al.,).terror management theory (TMT) argues that individuals are motivated to live up to culturally derived standards because doing so confers self-esteem (Cox et al., 2009). So why do some people use tanning, while others choose not to? Studies show that it could be a psychological motivation as to why people choose to engage in a behavior that they know to be unhealthy. A study by Park (2007) stated that people who had high appearancebased rejection sensitivity were more likely to show eating disorders than those that didn t. Compared with tanning, it could be that the general need for acceptance in societies could lead people to tan, although they know the health risks. Is there a relation between tanning and the need for acceptance within college students? Students that tan are more likely to give regards to their peers opinions than students that do not tan. To justify this assumption, people who tan often are more aware of the effect of appearance on acceptance. Just as they are concerned with fitting in, they would be more likely to tan in order to feel accepted. To try and justify our accusations, we randomly sampled students at Hanover College by giving them a survey. Questions were asked about attitudes toward tanning, need for acceptance, and actual tanning behaviors. We expect that
5 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 5 the need for acceptance will be positively correlated with attitudes toward tanning and tanning behavior. Method Participants A total of 76 participants were included in this experiment. The participants were college students, ranging in age from 18 to 22. There were 20 males (26%) and 56 females (74%), with the majority (95%) Caucasian. The average year born was Participation in this study was volunteer-based. Materials The material used in this study will be a questionnaire, online informed consent forms, and debriefing forms. There was a total of fifteen questions on the administered questionnaire. Seven questions measured the need for acceptance. For instance, I feel self-conscious when I m around people in a superior position. Seven questions were used to measure attitudes toward tanning. For instance, Being tan is worth it, even if it results in some skin damage. One question was used to determine the extent to which each participant participated in indoor tanning. All questions used a 5 point Likert scale. Procedure Participants were randomly sampled from the student directory and administered the questionnaire via . Each participant was directed to a webpage containing the consent form. The informed consent form directed the focus of the study to the correlation between
6 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 6 gender and tanning. Participants had to select Continue to proceed with the questionnaire. After participants answered all of the questions, the next page contained the debriefing form. Results Figure 1. Attitudes toward tanning and need for acceptance. This illustrates the correlation between scores on the need for acceptance scale (ACCEPT) and attitudes toward tanning (ATT). We computed mean scores for both the need for acceptance and attitudes toward tanning from averaging the participants responses to the seven item need for acceptance questionnaire and the seven item attitude toward tanning questionnaire. Scores range from 1 to 5, with one being low levels of need for acceptance and attitudes opposing tanning. Figure 1 shows the relationship between scores on the need for acceptance scale and scores on the attitudes towards tanning questionnaire. We expected to find a positive
7 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 7 correlation between the two. There was a significant positive correlation between attitudes toward tanning and scores on the need for acceptance scale, r(76) = , p <.001. This correlation indicates that people with attitudes more in favor of tanning scored higher on the need for acceptance scale. Figure 2. The relationship between indoor tanning use and need for acceptance. This illustrates the correlation between indoor tanning behavior and scores on the need for acceptance scale (ACCEPT). ATT signifies the measure of attitudes. Based on the questionnaire item, I do not go tanning inside, (with 1 being Strongly Disagree and 5 being Strongly Agree), participants who went tanning inside on a more frequent basis (answering with a 1) had a higher mean score on the need for acceptance scale (see Figure 2). To broaden the topic we decided to test both men and women to determine need for
8 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 8 acceptance. The dots are color-coded based on gender. Each participant answered seven questions to determine their need for acceptance score. We omitted one item to increase reliability. We reverse-scored one item on the need for acceptance scale. Participants answered seven questions based on attitudes toward indoor tanning. We reverse-scored three items on the questionnaire for attitudes toward indoor tanning. Cronbach s alpha for the need for acceptance scale is 0.723; the alpha for attitudes toward tanning is Figure 3. Relationship between need for acceptance and attitudes toward tanning with respect to gender. This illustrates the differences in mean scores on the need for acceptance scale (ACCEPT). Figure 3 shows the best fit lines for both males and females. Gender was tested to calculate if there was a difference between men and women and their relationship to tanning.
9 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 9 According to Welch's t-test, t(33.39) = 2.35, p < women scored higher on the need for acceptance than men. In addition to the gender difference, the slope of the line was similar for men and women. This fact suggests that the relationship between need for acceptance and tanning is similar for men and women. We led our participants to believe that we were studying the relationship between gender and tanning. Although gender was not our main focus, we analyzed the data to determine the relationships. Scores on the need for acceptance scale varied significantly for the two groups according to Welch's t-test, t(33.39) = 2.35, p < On average, females scored 2.50, while men scored The 95% confidence interval for the effect of gender on scores on the need for acceptance scale is between 0.05 and 0.7 points. Scores on the attitudes toward indoor tanning differed, but were not significant according to Welch s t-test, t(48.32) = 1.07, p = Discussion We hypothesized that people who tanned more often were more concerned with people s opinions; thus, suggesting a higher need for acceptance. The correlation between the question I do not go tanning inside (With one disagreeing and five being agreeing) and the scores on the Need for Acceptance scale was significant- supporting our hypothesis. The study we conducted did give us useful information; however the study could have given more significant results had we made a few changes. The majority of our questions were on a five point Likert scale. A six point Likert scale may have been more beneficial; this may not allow subjects to select a neutral answer. When using the six point Likert scale- even if the participant felt indifferent about the question- he/she may still choose whether he/she agreed
10 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 10 or disagreed more with the statement, which collectively gives the researcher an advantage (Bishop, 1987). Unfortunately, after the questionnaire was administered we realized a few flaws within our questions as well. Many of our questions pertained to attitudes towards tanning rather than the participant s actual tanning behaviors. Had we collected more data with regards to tanning behavior, we could have provided a much more reliable measure of tanning, increasing the statistical power of our tests. We included questions pertaining to the need for acceptance in the questionnaire, but after administering it we realized that many of the questions we thought would apply to need for acceptance were related to tanning as well. With more questions that pertained to appearance-related rejection sensitivity, our data could have grasped the participant s true need for acceptance in a broader matter. This would have been more beneficial to our results. This study probably would have obtained a stronger correlation between need for acceptance and tanning had it been conducted at a middle/high school. In the middle/high school ages there are more opportunities for more high-visibility social events of tanning. The largest well known reason for indoor tanning is of course prom, which is normally held directly after or during the winter season. In adolescence we are influenced immensely by our peers, in college we are still influenced, but not to the same degree (Steinberg & Monahan, 2007). In summary, we expected to find a positive relationship between participants need for acceptance scores and tanning behaviors and tanning attitudes. Our hypothesis was supported by the data that we collected. Participants who had a higher need for acceptance were more likely to be favorable toward tanning.
11 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 11 References Banerjee, S. C., Campo, S., & Greene, K. (2008). Fact or wishful thinking? Biased expectations in I think I look better when I'm tanned. American Journal Of Health Behavior, 32(3), Cafri, G., Thompson, J., Roehrig, M., van den Berg, P., Jacobsen, P., Stark, S. An investigation of appearance motives for tanning: The development and evaluation of the Physical Appearance Reasons For Tanning Scale (PARTS) and its relation to sunbathing and indoor tanning intentions.body Image. Cox, C. R., Cooper, D. P., Vess, M., Arndt, J., Goldenberg, J. L., & Routledge, C. (2009). Bronze is beautiful but pale can be pretty: The effects of appearance standards and mortality salience on sun-tanning outcomes.health Psychology, 28(6), doi: /a Hunt, Y., Augustson, E., Rutten, L., Moser, R., & Yaroch, A. (2012). History and culture of tanning in the United States. In C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne, C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne (Eds.),Shedding light on indoor tanning (pp. 5-31). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: / _2 Lessin, S. R., Perlis, C. S., & Zook, M. B. (2012). How ultraviolet radiation tans skin. In C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne, C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne (Eds.), Shedding light on indoor tanning (pp ). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: / _5
12 The Need for Acceptance and Tanning 12 Lorber, N. (1970). The Ohio Social Acceptance Scale. Educational Research, 12(3), doi: / Manne, S. L., & Heckman, C. J. (2012). Indoor tanning: Past, present, and future. In C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne, C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne (Eds.), Shedding light on indoor tanning (pp ). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: / _13 Martin, J. M., Ghaferi, J. M., Cummins, D. L., Mamelak, A. J., Schmults, C. D., Parikh, M., &... Liégeois, N. J. (2009). Changes in skin tanning attitudes: Fashion articles and advertisements in the early 20th century.american Journal Of Public Health, 99(12), doi: /ajph Mikami, A., Lerner, M. D., & Lun, J. (2010). Social context influences on children s rejection by their peers. Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), doi: /j x Mosher, C. E., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2010). Indoor tanning, mental health, and substance use among college students: The significance of gender. Journal Of Health Psychology, 15(6), Shah, A., Smith, S., Heckman, C. J., & Feldman, S. R. (2012). Tanning dependence: Is tanning an addiction?. In C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne, C. J. Heckman, S. L. Manne (Eds.), Shedding light on indoor tanning(pp ). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi: / _7 Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), doi: /
Sun Tanning Behaviors, Health Beliefs, Attitudes and Intentions among College Students
Sun Tanning Behaviors, Health Beliefs, Attitudes and Intentions among College Students Michael S. Dunn Coastal Carolina University Abstract Purpose: Even though it is well known that sun tanning can cause
More informationRunning head: SUNWISE IMPACT EVALUATION 1. Survey Instrument for the Impact Evaluation of the SunWise Program. Ashley Roberts
Running head: SUNWISE IMPACT EVALUATION 1 Survey Instrument for the Impact Evaluation of the SunWise Program Ashley Roberts University of Cincinnati SUNWISE IMPACT EVALUATION 2 This instrument is based
More informationSunbed cancer risk for teens (Fri 18 Mar, 2005)
Sunbed cancer risk for teens (Fri 18 Mar, 2005) WARM-UPS CHAT: Talk in pairs or groups about WHO / sun tans / sunbeds / skin cancer / UV rays / tanning salons / fair-skinned people / wrinkles / Change
More informationRunning head: SUNBURN AND SUN EXPOSURE 1. Summer Sunburn and Sun Exposure Among US Youths Ages 11 to 18: National Prevalence and Associated Factors
Running head: SUNBURN AND SUN EXPOSURE 1 Summer Sunburn and Sun Exposure Among US Youths Ages 11 to 18: National Prevalence and Associated Factors Ashley Roberts University of Cincinnati SUNBURN AND SUN
More informationResponse Tendency in a Questionnaire
Response Tendency in a Questionnaire without Questions J. van Heerden and Joh. Hoogstraten University of Amsterdam In a replication of an earlier study by Berg and Rapaport (1954), a questionnaire with
More informationSwimsuit Models and Social Comparison: Influences on Attitudes toward Tanning
Swimsuit Models and Social Comparison: Influences on Attitudes toward Tanning Sarah Lashley, Hannah Kang, and Dr. Kim Walsh-Childers College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida Because
More informationRunning head: EFFECT OF HIGH ATTRACTIVENESS ON PERCEIVED INTELLIGENCE 1
Running head: EFFECT OF HIGH ATTRACTIVENESS ON PERCEIVED INTELLIGENCE 1 The Effect of High Attractiveness on Perceived Intelligence Katlyn Hogue, Cara Mulhall, and Kara Stewart Hanover College PSY 344:
More informationCoParents Survey CoParents.co.uk Survey Results. Connection Services: Relationships Between Donors And Parents To Be
CoParents.co.uk Survey Results Connection Services: Relationships Between Donors And Parents To Be Contents Introduction... 3 About The Respondents... 4 Sperm Recipient & Donation Responses... 5 Females
More informationBridging the Gap: Predictors of Willingness to Engage in an Intercultural Interaction
Bridging the Gap: Predictors of Willingness to Engage in an Intercultural Interaction Heather Dudley What influences people s willingness to interact with someone of a different cultural background from
More informationNo(body) is Perfect. Thin? The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image of 5- to 8-
No(body) is Perfect Review of Research In Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive s experiment, titled Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin? The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image
More informationOctober To Get Brown Tanning Trade/Wholesale Customers:
October 2011 To Get Brown Tanning Trade/Wholesale Customers: As a sunbed operator you will be aware of the controversy surrounding our industry, and you may have received communications from the Commerce
More informationSun Safety and Skin Cancer Prevention. Maryland Skin Cancer Prevention Program
Sun Safety and Skin Cancer Prevention Maryland Skin Cancer Prevention Program Do You Know the Facts About Skin Cancer? Skin cancer is the most common cancer but also the most preventable Childhood sunburn
More informationSAMPLE. 1. Explain how you would carry out an experiment into the effect playing video games has on alertness.
OCR Research Methods Designing Your Own Investigation In section B (research design and response) of component 1, you will be required to design your own investigation, from a novel source provided. In
More informationThe Relationship between YouTube Interaction, Depression, and Social Anxiety. By Meredith Johnson
The Relationship between YouTube Interaction, Depression, and Social Anxiety By Meredith Johnson Introduction The media I would like to research is YouTube with the effects of social anxiety and depression.
More informationReplications and Refinements. Effects of Own Versus Other s Fair Treatment on Positive Emotions: A Field Study
The Journal of Social Psychology, 2005, 145(6), 741 744 Replications and Refinements Under this heading are brief reports of studies providing data that substantiate, disprove, or refine what we think
More informationSOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
1 SOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION Below I provide some basic notes on statistical interpretation. These are intended to serve as a resource for the Soci 380 data analysis. The information provided
More informationAll Types of Mortality Salience Are Not Equal: The Effect of Contemplating Natural versus Unnatural Death on. Materialism Behavior
All Types of Mortality Salience Are Not Equal: The Effect of Contemplating Natural versus Unnatural Death on Materialism Behavior ABSTRACT Just as nothing can last forever, people die. However, people
More informationbe introduced to examples of beauty trends in history and in other cultures. Next they will
Lesson Overview Christine Batten Topic: Body Image and Media Audience: 6 th 8 8h grade students, female Overview of content: In this lesson students will explore the role of media influence on body image.
More informationSolar urticaria. Barnes Building Photobiology Unit
Solar urticaria Barnes Building Photobiology Unit 0161 206 4081 All Rights Reserved 2017. Document for issue as handout. This guide has been written to help answer some of your questions about solar urticaria.
More informationCancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Use of Sunbeds Introduction A sunbed, also known as a tanning bed or sun tanning bed, is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation (typically
More information4. gaze direction and decisions How does gaze direction affect decision-making?
4. gaze direction and decisions How does gaze direction affect decision-making? Sun, D. et al (2018) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Volume 12: Article 52 Sun, D. et al (2018) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
More informationThe New Zealand Mental Health Commission has defined recovery as. The Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP): workshop evaluation CONSUMER ISSUES
CONSUMER ISSUES The Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP): workshop evaluation Carolyn Doughty, Samson Tse, Natasha Duncan and Leo McIntyre Objective: This study evaluated the delivery of a series of workshops
More informationThe Influence of Hedonic versus Utilitarian Consumption Goals on the Compromise Effect. Abstract
The Influence of Hedonic versus Utilitarian Consumption Goals on the Compromise Effect Abstract This article reports the effects of hedonic versus utilitarian consumption goals on consumers choices between
More informationHow The Skin Tans. How The Skin Tans
How The Skin Tans How The Skin Tans Our natural skin colour is determined by skin pigment melanin and the presence and amount of melanin in an individual is determined by hereditary factors. When our skin
More informationSAMPLE. 1. Explain how you would carry out an experiment into the effect playing video games has on alertness.
OCR Research Methods Designing Your Own Investigation In section B (research design and response) of component 1, you will be required to design your own investigation, from a novel source provided. In
More informationLocus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs -- A Pilot Study
Eastern Kentucky University Encompass EKU Libraries Research Award for Undergraduates 2014 Locus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs
More informationAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association FDA News Conference on Sunscreens. Thank you, and good morning everyone.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 American Academy of Dermatology Association FDA News Conference on Sunscreens Ron Moy, MD: Thank you, and good
More informationMeasuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance. Grambling State University
Measuring Self-Esteem 1 Running head: MEASURING SELF-ESTEEM INADOLESCENTS Measuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance Grambling State University Measuring Self-Esteem 2 Problem Studied
More informationGMO Awareness and Eating Behaviors Among College Students. Sarah Galvin Department of Sociology University of New Hampshire December 17, 2015
GMO Awareness and Eating Behaviors Among College Students Sarah Galvin Department of Sociology University of New Hampshire December 17, 2015 Abstract This study examines college students awareness of genetically
More informationRunning Head: TERROR MANAGEMENT AND ANOREXIA 1. Terror Management and Anorexia Nervosa: Does Mortality Salience
Running Head: TERROR MANAGEMENT AND ANOREXIA 1 Terror Management and Anorexia Nervosa: Does Mortality Salience Increase Negative Perceptions of Women With Anorexia Nervosa? M. Katherine Kubota Marietta
More informationWhy do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
More informationThe Relationship between Fraternity Recruitment Experiences, Perceptions of Fraternity Life, and Self-Esteem
Butler University Digital Commons @ Butler University Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection Undergraduate Scholarship 2016 The Relationship between Fraternity Recruitment Experiences, Perceptions of Fraternity
More informationChapter 4 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 4 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Use Scenario 4-1. The newspaper asks you to comment on their survey
More informationThe Standard Theory of Conscious Perception
The Standard Theory of Conscious Perception C. D. Jennings Department of Philosophy Boston University Pacific APA 2012 Outline 1 Introduction Motivation Background 2 Setting up the Problem Working Definitions
More informationTanning Salon Manual
Tanning Salon Manual If looking for the ebook Tanning salon manual in pdf format, then you have come on to loyal site. We presented the utter variant of this ebook in PDF, txt, DjVu, epub, doc formats.
More informationConformity By CommonLit Staff 2014
Name: Class: Conformity By CommonLit Staff 2014 Conformity is the act of matching one s beliefs or actions to the norms of a larger social group. Norms are the usually unspoken rules that govern the attitudes
More informationThe Impact of Media Exposure on Self-Esteem and Body Satisfaction in Men and Women
Journal of Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Research Volume 1 Article 4 2009 The Impact of Media Exposure on Self-Esteem and Body Satisfaction in Men and Women Salenna Russello Follow this and additional
More informationThe Sun: Friend or Foe
The Sun: Friend or Foe Vitamin D (The Sunshine Vitamin) There is a relationship between low vitamin D levels and poor bone health. Links have been made to everything from multiple sclerosis to prostate
More informationPsy2005: Applied Research Methods & Ethics in Psychology. Week 14: An Introduction to Qualitative Research
Psy2005: Applied Research Methods & Ethics in Psychology Week 14: An Introduction to Qualitative Research 1 Learning Outcomes Outline the General Principles of Qualitative Research Compare and contrast
More informationPSI R ESEARCH& METRICS T OOLKIT. Writing Scale Items and Response Options B UILDING R ESEARCH C APACITY. Scales Series: Chapter 3
PSI R ESEARCH& METRICS T OOLKIT B UILDING R ESEARCH C APACITY Scales Series: Chapter 3 Writing Scale Items and Response Options PSI s Core Values Bottom Line Health Impact * Private Sector Speed and Efficiency
More informationEXPOSURE SCHEDULES FOR SUNTANNING PRODUCTS
EXPOSURE SCHEDULES FOR SUNTANNING PRODUCTS It is generally accepted that proper use of indoor tanning methods may be safer for the tanner than the uncontrolled environment of outdoor tanning. However,
More informationCognitive dissonance: effects of perceived choice on attitude change
Modern Psychological Studies Volume 15 Number 2 2010 Cognitive dissonance: effects of perceived choice on attitude change Jessica C. Miklosovic Westminster College Follow this and additional works at:
More informationGOLDSMITHS Research Online Article (refereed)
GOLDSMITHS Research Online Article (refereed) Davies, Martin F. Irrational beliefs and unconditional self-acceptance. II. Experimental evidence linking two key features of REBT Originally published in
More informationBODY IMAGE. Where do our ideas come from about how we should look? (ex. List sources you look at, people around you that influence you)
BODY IMAGE What do we mean by the term body image? Where do our ideas come from about how we should look? (ex. List sources you look at, people around you that influence you) A is a measurement intended
More informationTaylor University s Intercultural Inventory Analysis. Presented by Natalie Nunes August 5, 2009
Taylor University s Intercultural Inventory Analysis Presented by Natalie Nunes August 5, 2009 The Taylor University Intercultural Inventory (TUII) Purpose: TUII measures the intercultural development
More informationChapter 9. Body Image and Exercise
Chapter 9 Body Image and Exercise Body Image Defined A multidimensional construct that reflects the following: How we see our own body How we think, feel, and act toward it Four Dimensions of Body Image
More informationOne week program of activities. Aimed at AS-Level Psychology students. Takes place in July, after AS-Level exams
samantha.rowbotham@manchester.ac.uk SPS-OUTREACHGROUP@listserv.manchester.ac.uk One week program of activities Aimed at AS-Level Psychology students Takes place in July, after AS-Level exams Intended to
More informationPsychiatric Symptoms of Young Adult Female Indoor Tanners
Psychiatric Symptoms of Young Adult Female Indoor Tanners Carolyn J. Heckman, PhD, 1 Susan Darlow, PhD, 1 Jessye Cohen-Filipic, MS, 2 Jacqueline D. Kloss, PhD, 3 Teja Munshi, BDS, MPH, 1 and Sharon L.
More informationCommunication Research Practice Questions
Communication Research Practice Questions For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the given alternative choices. Additional instructions are given as necessary. Read each question
More informationWhat is Beautiful is Good Online: Physical Attractiveness, Social Interactions and Perceived Social Desirability on Facebook Abstract
What is Beautiful is Good Online: Physical Attractiveness, Social Interactions and Perceived Social Desirability on Facebook Abstract The present research examined whether physically attractive Facebook
More informationBODY IMAGE AND FIRST IMPRESSIONS 1
BODY IMAGE AND FIRST IMPRESSIONS 1 BODY IMAGE AND FIRST IMPRESSIONS 2 Abstract Research has been done separately in the past on the following three topics: Attraction biases, first impressions, and body
More informationMust be the music: Validation of a theory-based survey
Must be the music: Validation of a theory-based survey Brian C. Gordon, PhD, 1 Michael A. Perko, PhD, 2 Lori W. Turner, PhD, 1 James D. Leeper, PhD, 3 Samory T. Pruitt, PhD, 4 and Stuart L. Usdan, PhD
More informationPublic Opinion Survey on Tobacco Use in Outdoor Dining Areas Survey Specifications and Training Guide
Public Opinion Survey on Tobacco Use in Outdoor Dining Areas Survey Specifications and Training Guide PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATIONS AND TRAINING GUIDE This guide explains how to use the public opinion survey
More informationDiscovering Diversity Profile Individual Report
Individual Report Respondent Name Monday, November 13, 2006 This report is provided by: Integro Leadership Institute 1380 Wilmington Pike, Suite 113B West Chester PA 19382 Toll Free (866) 468-3476 Phone
More informationThe Influence of Framing Effects and Regret on Health Decision-Making
Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Honors Theses Student Research 2012 The Influence of Framing Effects and Regret on Health Decision-Making Sarah Falkof Colby College Follow this and additional works
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RISK TAKING: EVIDENCE FROM A MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Amit Kapoor 1
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RISK TAKING: EVIDENCE FROM A MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Amit Kapoor 1 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Amit Kapoor. Gender differences in Risk Taking: Evidence from a Management Institute. Journal
More informationResults of a national public opinion survey on the perception of plain packaging on tobacco one year after its implementation in the UK.
Results of a national public opinion survey on the perception of plain packaging on tobacco one year after its implementation in the UK May 2018 Background The UK has a number of regulations regarding
More informationChapter 12. The One- Sample
Chapter 12 The One- Sample z-test Objective We are going to learn to make decisions about a population parameter based on sample information. Lesson 12.1. Testing a Two- Tailed Hypothesis Example 1: Let's
More informationChildren's relations and their subjective wellbeing in an ecological perspective. Shimoni & Ben-Arieh The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Seoul 2013
Children's relations and their subjective wellbeing in an ecological perspective Shimoni & Ben-Arieh The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Seoul 2013 About the ISCWeB project A group of researchers from England,
More informationGetting the Design Right Daniel Luna, Mackenzie Miller, Saloni Parikh, Ben Tebbs
Meet the Team Getting the Design Right Daniel Luna, Mackenzie Miller, Saloni Parikh, Ben Tebbs Mackenzie Miller: Project Manager Daniel Luna: Research Coordinator Saloni Parikh: User Interface Designer
More informationGSB of EDA Meeting Minutes
Hello Everyone! We held a General Service Board meeting on July 8, 2015. Starting July 15, 2015, there is a new number for the General Service Board meeting. To join the GSB meeting after July 15, 2015,
More informationThe assessment of appearance factors related to intentional uv exposure
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2005 The assessment of appearance factors related to intentional uv exposure Guy Cafri University of South
More informationConstructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior
Constructing a Three-Part Instrument for Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Learning Behavior Mali Praditsang School of Education & Modern Language, College of Art & Sciences, Universiti Utara
More informationTreating your skin condition with Narrowband ultraviolet B radiation (NB-UVB)
Treating your skin condition with Narrowband ultraviolet B radiation (NB-UVB) Introduction You have been referred to the Phototherapy department at Colchester General Hospital for a course of narrowband
More informationAsking and answering research questions. What s it about?
2 Asking and answering research questions What s it about? (Social Psychology pp. 24 54) Social psychologists strive to reach general conclusions by developing scientific theories about why people behave
More informationChapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1
Chapter 6 Methods of Measuring Behavior 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Tests and Their Development Types of Tests Observational Techniques Questionnaires 2009 Pearson Prentice
More informationStability and Change of Adolescent. Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study. Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill. Division of Psychology
Stability and Change of Adolescent Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill Division of Psychology The Australian National University Paper presented to the
More informationCapstone Project Proposal
I. Mission Statement Capstone Project Proposal Sarah Storm Gross Increase adolescent awareness and knowledge regarding skin cancer and sun exposure in rural junior high classrooms across the state of Iowa
More informationYoung People Speak Out Report
Young People Speak Out Report Report written by: Matthew Johnson (Community Organiser) Young People Speak Out Page 1 Table of Contents 1. Project background... 3 2. Aims and objectives... 3 3. Project
More informationExamining the Role of Self-esteem in the Association between Emotional Vulnerability and Psychological Well-being
University of Dayton ecommons Honors Theses University Honors Program Spring 4-2015 Examining the Role of Self-esteem in the Association between Emotional Vulnerability and Psychological Well-being Kathryn
More informationBody Image Issues Faced by Adolescents in India
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 4, Issue 3, DIP: 18.01.139/20170403 DOI: 10.25215/0403.139 http://www.ijip.in April - June, 2017 Original Research
More informationAl Said Abdul Khalik 1. Egypt Associate Professor, National Center for Examination and Educational Evaluation, Rd. 9 Mokattam, Cairo,
The Effectiveness of Bibliotherapy as an Intervention on Improving Aggressive Behavior of Fifth Graders Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Al Said Abdul Khalik 1 1 Associate Professor, National
More informationUltraviolet (UV) Radiation and Your Eyes
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation and Your Eyes Most consumers are aware of the risks of sunburn and skin cancer from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. But did you know UV and other radiation from the sun
More informationThe Role of Modeling and Feedback in. Task Performance and the Development of Self-Efficacy. Skidmore College
Self-Efficacy 1 Running Head: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-EFFICACY The Role of Modeling and Feedback in Task Performance and the Development of Self-Efficacy Skidmore College Self-Efficacy 2 Abstract Participants
More informationAttitudes and Beliefs of Adolescent Experimental Smokers: A Smoking Prevention Perspective
Attitudes and Beliefs of Adolescent Experimental Smokers: A Smoking Prevention Perspective By: Min Qi Wang, Eugene C. Fitzhugh, James M. Eddy, R. Carl Westerfield Wang, M.Q., Fitzhugh, E.C.*, Eddy, J.M.,
More information& UV radiation. However, there is evidence that UV radiation can cause damage to health.
page 1/5 Source document: Sunbeds SCCP (2006) & UV radiation Summary & Details: GreenFacts Context - In addition to natural sunlight, sunbed users seeking to achieve a tan expose themselves to substantial
More informationSOCIAL INFLUENCE: CONFORMITY
SOCIAL INFLUENCE: CONFORMITY IB SYLLABUS SAYS: Evaluate research on conformity to group norms. Discuss factors influencing conformity. Textbook pages: 119-123 WHAT IS CONFORMITY? One of the key ways that
More informationBe SunSmart Everywhere!
Be SunSmart Everywhere! DID YOU KNOW? Sun exposure adds up day after day, and it happens every time you re in the sun. Damage is permanent and irreversible. MYTH Sunburn happens only when we go to the
More informationDoes the Use of Personality Inventory Cause Bias on Assessment Center Results Because of Social Desirability? Yasin Rofcanin Levent Sevinç
Does the Use of Personality Inventory Cause Bias on Assessment Center Results Because of Social Desirability? Yasin Rofcanin Levent Sevinç Introduction According to the guidelines, in an assessment center
More information!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!
Running head: VISUAL ADVERTISING ON SELF-REFERENCING AND EMPATHY 1 Effects of Visual Advertising on Self-Referencing and Empathy Towards Health Conditions Christine Cao and Jennifer Ball University of
More informationEvaluation of the students knowledge about sunbed and solar radiation
Evaluation of the students knowledge about sunbed and solar radiation Krajewska-Kułak E. 1*, Kułak W. 2, Van Damme-Ostapowicz K. 1, Łukaszuk C. 1, Lewko J. 1, Lankau A. 1, Kowalewska B. 1, Kowalczuk K.
More informationNon-Executive Member Disciplinary Review Process
Non-Executive Member Disciplinary Review Process Regions should seek to resolve all disputes involving people in an amicable fashion. Compromise is preferable to more severe forms of resolution. Almost
More informationWARNING, DISTRACTION, AND RESISTANCE TO INFLUENCE 1
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1965, Vol. 1, No. 3, 262-266 WARNING, DISTRACTION, AND RESISTANCE TO INFLUENCE 1 JONATHAN L. FREEDMAN Stanford DAVID 0. SEARS of California, Los Angeles 2 hypotheses
More informationReactions of College Students to the Sexuality of Older People
Reactions of College Students to the Sexuality of Older People Emily Waterman a The reactions of 153 college students to incidents of sexuality were measured using a series of scenarios. Age of target
More informationWhy does every single girl on the earth at least once have a desire to be skinnier even
Page 1 Increasing Adolescent Anorexia Increasing Adolescent Anorexia Why does every single girl on the earth at least once have a desire to be skinnier even though they really don't have to be? And why
More informationBelief behavior Smoking is bad for you I smoke
LP 12C Cognitive Dissonance 1 Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance: An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and behavior (page 521). Belief
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) WCES 2014
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) 2549 2553 WCES 2014 The Relationship Between Self-Regulation, Motivation And Performance At
More informationSeveral studies have researched the effects of framing on opinion formation and decision
Attitudes 1 Framing Effects on Attitudes Toward Pedophiles By: Larissa Smage, Advisor--- Joan Riedle The effects of framing techniques on attitudes toward a pedophile were investigated. Framing involves
More informationThe pretest-posttest design and measurement of outward-bound-type program effects on personal development
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 1717 1722 Procedia Earth and Planetary Science www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia The 6 th International Conference on Mining Science & Technology The pretest-posttest
More informationEducational Visit of The Hellenic League against Rheumatism Association of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases. (Sept 2011)
Educational Visit of The Hellenic League against Rheumatism Association of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases. (Sept 2011) to the Norwegian We were informed about the structure of the Norwegian Association.
More informationNutritional Labeling. University of Connecticut. Emily J. Williams University of Connecticut - Storrs,
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-8-2011 Nutritional Labeling Emily J. Williams University of Connecticut - Storrs, emjw718@gmail.com
More informationA Coach s Guide to Spit Tobacco Education
OUTLINE Goals Objectives To increase coaches, players and parents knowledge about various aspects addiction. By the end of this learning session, participants will: 1. List 3 pressures to use tobacco 2.
More informationProcrastination and the College Student: An Analysis on Contributing Factors and Academic Consequences
Southern Adventist Univeristy KnowledgeExchange@Southern Education Undergraduate Research Education and Psychology Fall 12-11-2014 Procrastination and the College Student: An Analysis on Contributing Factors
More informationRunning Head: BODY ESTEEM, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Body Esteem and Sexual Behavior 1 Running Head: BODY ESTEEM, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR The Effects of Body Esteem and Sexual Self-Consciousness on Sexual Behavior Rachel Yates and Holly Heindselman
More informationStart Time Survey Analysis
Start Time Survey Analysis Prepared for Simsbury Public Schools (minor additions/edits made by SPS Administration) January 2018 www.hanoverresearch.com Table of Contents Key Points from Sleep Expert Presentation:
More informationASSESING THE RESILIENCE OF POLICEWOMEN IN ROMANIA. Angela VLĂDESCU 1
ASSESING THE RESILIENCE OF POLICEWOMEN IN ROMANIA Angela VLĂDESCU 1 ABSTRACT The main purpose of the study is to assess the resilience of policewomen in Romania, in this scope I intend conduct a postdoctoral
More informationSchool orientation and mobility specialists School psychologists School social workers Speech language pathologists
2013-14 Pilot Report Senate Bill 10-191, passed in 2010, restructured the way all licensed personnel in schools are supported and evaluated in Colorado. The ultimate goal is ensuring college and career
More information7.NPA.3 - Analyze the relationship of nutrition, fitness, and healthy weight management to the prevention of diseases such as diabetes, obesity,
7.NPA.3 - Analyze the relationship of nutrition, fitness, and healthy weight management to the prevention of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and eating disorders. 7.NPA.3.2
More informationLEO Pharma Questionnaires used in the Clinical Trial LP
LEO Pharma Questionnaires used in the Clinical Trial LP0053-1030 Impact of psoriasis Which of the following areas of your life, if any, does psoriasis impact on? Please tick yes or no for each statement
More informationPsychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
Seoul Journal of Business Volume 11, Number 1 (June 2005) Psychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
More information