THE EFFECTS OF GOAL-SETTING INTERVENTIONS ON THREE VOLLEYBALL SKILLS: A SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "THE EFFECTS OF GOAL-SETTING INTERVENTIONS ON THREE VOLLEYBALL SKILLS: A SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN"

Transcription

1 THE EFFECTS OF GOAL-SETTING INTERVENTIONS ON THREE VOLLEYBALL SKILLS: A SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN ELENI ZETOU, VASSILIOS PAPACHARISIS & FERENIKI MOUNTAKI Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini. Division of Intercollegiate Athletics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Correspondence: Eleni Zetou Papanikolaou Av Thessaloniki Greece Tel: elzet@phyed.duth.gr

2 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills THE EFFECTS OF GOAL-SETTING INTERVENTIONS ON THREE VOLLEYBALL SKILLS: A SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a goal setting intervention program, on basic components of volleyball performance over the course of a competitive season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject design was used with video observations on three performance components (serving, serve-receiving and attacking), collected for three woman volleyball players, in amateur level-six years experience. Every skill evaluated using three symbols: 0 = the lost (a point lost by player), + = the perfect (a point won by player) and - = the neutral (continued the phase). This method evaluates the effectiveness of individual components of performance. At the midseason break, participants selected one skill of their play that they felt would benefit from improvement. A goal-setting program was designed based on the goal attainment scaling procedure recommended by Smith (988). According to the program participants generated numerical targets for their chosen skills. Performance skills assessed for the next seven matches as they had been in the pre-intervention phase. Results were indicated that participants following the intervention, showed a general stability in all three skills and not significant improvements in their targeted area of performance. The findings suggest that amateur athletes cannot enhance their performance by using the goal attainment scaling as an intervention strategy during the games of the competitive season. Key words: volleyball, match performance, improvement, focus attention

3 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Introduction Locke and Latham (98) argued that tasks performed in industrial settings have much in common with sport activities in that both involve mental and physical actions directed toward some goal. They proposed that goal setting should work equally well in the realm of sports as it does in organizational settings. A review of the literature reveals that the research has predominantly focused on goal proximity (Boyce, 99), on goal specificity (Weinberg, Bruya, & Jackson, 990) and goal difficulty (Hall, Weinberg, & Jackson, 987). Consistent support has not been found for Locke and Latham s (98) hypotheses that specific, difficult goals produce higher levels of performance than no goals or do your best goals, or that short-term goals are more effective than long-term goals (Burton, 99). How goal setting operates in the sport environment is still awaited and investigations into the effects of goal-setting interventions in real world sporting situations represent an important tangential area of goal- setting research interest. Directions of behaviors are influenced by long and short term, important and nonimportant, and easy and difficult goals that are prioritized and strategically implemented according to individual aims during self-regulation (Gill, 000). A lot of researchers have indicated that goal setting is an effective performance enhancement technique in sport (Weineberg, 99; Kyllo, & Landers, 99; Theodorakis, 99; Weinberg, Burton, Yukelson, & Weigand, 000; Moooney, & Mutrie, 000; Boyce, Johnston, Wayda, Bunker, & Eliot, 00; Wang, Huddleston, & Peng, 00; Lane, & Streeter, 00; Papaioannou, Ballon, Theodorakis, & Auwelle, 00). However, many studies have found null results in goal setting intervention in exercise performance. Hollingsworth (97) and Barnett (977) found no performance differences between groups with specific goals and those with no

4 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills goals on a juggling task. Furthermore, Weineberg, Bruya, and Jackson (98; 990), using a strength and endurance task, also found no differences in performance between groups given specific, difficult goals and those given do your best goals. Recently a lot of experiments were done using a mental skill training package comprising relaxation, imagery, self-talk and goal setting and the researchers reported to be beneficial on,00m running (Patrick and Hrycaiko, 998). Thelwell and Greenlees (00) based on Taylor s (99) recommendations for endurance-based activities, examined the effects of a task specific mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance in a simulated competition setting. Five participants took part in a single-subject multiple baseline across individuals design whereby they completed one gymnasium triathlon per week, over a ten week period, and received a mental skills (goal setting, relaxation, self-talk, and imagery) intervention at staggered intervals. The results show the intervention to be effective in enhancing gymnasium triathlon performance for all participants. The first skill included within the package by Thelwell and Greenlees (00) was goal setting, which was included on two accounts. First, goal setting techniques may enhance feelings and perceptions of control via a combination of process, performance and outcome goals can benefit motivation (Filby, Maynard, & Graydon, 999). Second, goal setting can work in a motivational manner via SMART goals (Locke, & Latham, 98) that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timephased. Thelwell and Greenlees (00) extended the previous study, using four participants in a single-subject multiple baseline across individuals design, on competitive gymnasium triathlon performance. The results indicated that mental skills package is effective in enhancing all participants performance.

5 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Based on these equivocal findings we can suggest that goal setting does not generalize to areas of exercise performance. It is not clear if the goal setting procedure is the same for training or for competition condition (Weinberg, Butt, & Knight, Perritt, 00). Previous research (Burton, Naylor, & Holliday, 00) has indicated that goals might differ across these two situations. Munroe-Chandler, Hall, & Weinberg (00) examined the types of goals that the athletes set in these two situations and they found that goals were quite similar. Smith (998) has recommended the use of goal attainment scaling as a methodology for developing personalized scaled descriptions that can be used for both intervention goal setting and outcome measurement purposes. For each targeted area of perceived need for improvement, -point scales of specific outcomes are generated. Beyond the fundamental issue of testing goal theory in an exercise task, most of the studies in goal setting research in the exercise performance, do not use athletes performance in a real life competitive environment as the depended variable. Swain and Jones (99) examined the effects of a goal setting intervention program on selected components of basketball performance over the course of a competitive season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject design was used with baseline observations on various performance components, collected for four elite college basketball players during their first eight games of the season. At the midseason break, these players selected one aspect of their play that they felt would benefit from improvement. Players followed a goal attainment scaling procedure after they generated numerical targets for their chosen components. Then the performance components were assessed for the next eight games. The results showed that players had consistent improvements in their targeted area of performance.

6 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills For all these studies the athletes need to set a measurable goal. That s why observation and quantitative recording are usually used. Quantitative analysis is not new in the field of volleyball and numerous studies used some type of catalogue or a check list in order to collect data regarding the elements of the game (Baacke, 98, Byra & Scott, 98, Ejem, 980, Eom & Schutz, 99, Sawula, 977, Vojik, 980). These studies used a numerical scale of five gradations (0-) or a symbol (+, -, 0) in order to attribute the quality of each element. Later on the data which were analyzed under different methods depending on the principal aim of their use, -such as to represent the frequencies of appearance of certain elements, compare performances between teams or research the relationship between team performance and the success the teams accomplished in a tournament- (Cox, 97, Ejem & Horak, 980, Nishijima & Matsuura, 988). Trying to replicate Swain and Jones investigation with the same design, but with different characteristics of the players (amateur), we examined the effects of a goal-setting intervention program on selected volleyball skills during the competitive season via a single-subject, multiple-baseline design. Three volleyball amateur players agreed to participate in the study and were requested to select one specific aspect of play in which they would wish to see performance improvement. Three different behaviors were targeted and a goal-setting program was designed based on the goal attainment scaling procedure recommended by Smith (988). It was hypothesized that for all three players there would be post intervention improvement in the targeted area of behavior and no post intervention improvement in the no targeted areas of behavior.

7 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 7 We were interested to examine if a goal setting procedure, in a real life competitive environment, for a specific skill of the game was effective in maximizing performance in the particular skill. Method Participants The participants were three members of the starting six of a women volleyball team (Mean age = 7.9 years, SD=. ) who were competing during the season, in the local competition. All participants had been playing competitive volleyball for a minimum two years, in the same playing level (amateur league). Participants were offensive players (two were outside attacker-hitter and one middle attacker-hitter), but according to the tactic of the team they all competed in the team service reception. That means that during the training period the participants spent the same time to practice the three skills. Participants were practiced four days per week for 90 min per practice. Also all three participants started in all sets of the seven matches (from total matches of the first half of the season) which were selected for observation during the pretreatment period. The seven matches were selected according to the previous year ranking, so as not to be so easy or so difficult matches. The same seven matches (from total matches of the second half of the season) were selected for observation after the intervention. Instruments Performance: Performance was assessed on a slightly modified version of the objective measure of volleyball performance that was developed by Byra and Scott, (98). This method used to assess skill performance during the match and it s

8 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 8 considered that is simple for novice athletes. Every skill evaluated using three symbols: 0 = the lost (a point lost by player), + = the perfect (a point won by player) and - = the neutral (reckless, continued the phase). The perfect execution was graduated with + and the false execution with 0. This method evaluates the effectiveness of individual components of performance (not the quality-technique, but the result of skill) and was expressed to players by numbers. After each of the seven matches, performance feedback was provided for each player on each component in the form of match statistics that were recorded on a piece of paper. The interpretation of the numerical value which the players had to know was the mean of the excellent performance in every skill of the match. For the service and the attack was the number of aces (point), or when the opponents couldn t create an offensive situation. For the service reception was the excellent trial (the direction of service reception had to be near the setter s head, so she could create a perfect set for attack). The score which was given in the participants it was, for example in attack skill, for ten attacking efforts participant has eight effective attacks. The final score was the sum of perfect trials divided by the number of all trials in the match (ex. effectiveness of player in attack=perfect trials / all trials). Goal attainment scaling: A goal attainment scale (GAS) developed by Smith (988) was employed in order to provide a structure to the goal-setting process. This -point scale measured the participants outcome expectations as a result of the intervention. Responses ranged from assessment of their worst possible outcome to the best possible outcome of the intervention for each participant. Numerical values were assigned to each of the -point scale labels (table ). Participants, based on knowledge of their mean performance over the first seven matches, selected accordingly a numerical goal to coincide with these treatment expectations. Details

9 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 9 of the actual procedure are provided shortly in goal-setting intervention procedure section. Smith (998) has recommended the use of goal attainment scaling as a methodology for developing personalized scaled descriptions that can be used for both intervention goal setting and outcome measurement purposes. For each targeted area of perceived need for improvement, -point scales of specific outcomes are generated. TABLE about here Social validation: Participants involved in this investigation were asked to respond anonymously to a social validation questionnaire at the completion of the study. This included four questions with a Likert-type response scale asking: (a) How important to you is improvement on the performance component that you have selected? with responses ranging from one (not at all important) to seven (extremely important); (b) Do you consider any of the performance changes that have occurred to be significant? with responses ranging from one (not at all significant) to seven (extremely significant); (c) Has the procedure proved acceptable to you? with responses ranging from one (not at all) to seven (very much so); and (d) Has the procedure proved useful to you? with responses ranging from one (not at all) to seven (very much so). In order to have some additional information regarding the precise impact of the intervention, participants was also asked to consider underlying reasons for the success or failure of the goal-setting procedure. This was assessed via an open-ended question, which read, If you perceive that the procedure has contributed to enhancing your performance, could you comment briefly on why you believe this to be the case?

10 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 0 Design and procedure A multiple-baseline design (across subjects) was used in this study. The baseline observation collected for all three participants were those derived from their performances during the seven matches of the first half of season. Participants of the study were played all the matches after the midseason break ( days). The design allowed assessment of whether improvement in a particular component of performance was a general outcome or exclusive to the participant for whom the goal attainment scaling procedure was implemented. It was necessary to obtain past performance scores or baseline measures for a sufficient period of time (seven matches) to determine the range of fluctuations in performance that occurred prior to treatment. If an improvement in performance occurred after the intervention program, then we could conclude that the intervention was responsible for the results. Pre-intervention performance assessment. Performance data were collected for the seven matches of the first half of the season from all of the volleyball skills during the specified season. The experimenter video recorded the matches and then evaluated the performance during video replay. A test-retest procedure with a -day time interval between the two recording trials was used to establish the intra-observer reliability of the recording procedure. The first two matches were selected for checking intra-observer reliability. During a video replay of the matches, the three skill performances of the three participants were recorded according to the objective measure of volleyball performance that was referred above. Three days later this procedure was repeated by the same person (i.e. the first author). The data from the two trials were then analyzed using analysis of variance to determine the degree of the intra-observer reliability for each skill

11 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills component. The resulting intra observer correlation coefficients for the three skills were above.9 in all cases, indicating high consistency in the recording procedure. The data were recording in a protocol paper for every trial and then it was derive the sum for the recording match, for every player, for three skills. Goal-setting intervention procedure. At the midseason break, the participants of the study were informed about the match statistics from the previous seven matches, and mean totals for each of the components of performance were presented to them. Participants were asked to consider a component of their performance that they felt was important to their role on the team and they want to improve it. Following the discussions during the midseason break, three of the players chose the following skills: (a) Participant (P)-service, (b) Participant (P) -service reception, (c) Participant (P)-attack. In order to avoid coaching support as a potential confounding error, the coach did not know the specific targeted performance behavior of each participant. Following discussion with the researcher and based on the mean values from the pre-intervention phase, all three participants generated a series of numerical values for their chosen component based on this procedure. As Table shows, the mean value that emerged from the previous seven matches for the components in question fell between - and 0 on the GAS. The participants reasoned that by directing attention and mobilizing effort, they expected to achieve some improvement. Therefore, the target that denoted the expected level of treatment success represented improvement for all three participants. Levels of improvement beyond the expected level of zero (i.e., +, +), although still attainable, tended to represent a significant advance in the participants terms.

12 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Prior to each of their seven subsequent performances, participants were instructed to think about the numerical goal they had set for their particular targeted area of performance and to focus on striving for that target throughout the match. The numerical goal that was emphasized was the one that represented the expected level of treatment success or 0 in Table. Post intervention performance assessment. The three participants retained their status as starting players for all of the corresponding seven matches (with the same opponents) in the second half of the season. Performance was assessed in the same way as it had been in the seven matches of the first half season. Performance feedback was also provided in accordance with the pre-intervention phase. The match took place every Sunday, and in the first training of the week (Tuesday) the results of statistics were given in every player for three skill in a piece of paper. Collection of social validation data. In addition to the performance data, supplementary information concerning the intervention process was also obtained. Intervention researchers have called for social validation to assess subject reactions to treatment procedures and experimental outcomes (Kazdin, 98; Kendall et al., 990). Subsequently, the three participants were asked to complete the social validation questionnaire, 8 hr after the seventh and final match of the post-intervention phase. Treatment of the performance data. The three participants raw scores were plotted for all of the three skills that were selected for the purpose of the investigation. Through visual inspection of the single-subject data, the following criteria were used to identify whether a significant experimental effect had occurred: (a) the number of overlapping data points between

13 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills the pre-intervention and post-intervention phases, (b) the size of the effect after intervention, and (c) the number of times that effects were replicated across participants (Martin & Pear, 988). Two additional means of establishing whether performance increments were a function of the intervention were also consider. Scores first were examined for each of the targeted skills of performance for three participants for whom the particular component in question was not directly of concern. Second, assessment was made of each individual s performance in the other areas of play in order to determine whether the player had also experienced improvements in the non-targeted components of play or, alternatively, whether targeted behavior improvement had occurred at the expense of other facets of play. Results Inspection of the performance for the three components selected by the three participants revealed minimal changes between the mean scores of the seven matches of the first half of season and the seven matches of the second half of season. The data are presented for the three participants on an individual basis. A figure for each participant mean performance changes in the targeted component is provided, and, for the purposes of comparison, this is shown against performance changes in the two areas that were selected by the other two participants. Means and standard deviations for pre- and post intervention performance component scores for participants one to three are reported in Table. TABLE about here Participant : Service Figure shows the effects of the intervention on the targeted service performance of Participant one as well as her attack and service reception

14 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills performances. Performance prior to the intervention was not stable for target skill, with scores ranging from zero to four, with two times to be in one and two times in two. Following the implementation of the goal setting strategy, there was stability in performance, with a score of one to be in four matches and a score of two to be in three matches. There was an overlapping of score three times, four times was equal and once was decreased in the same matches. As Figure also shows, there was not stability for the service reception skill performance score in pre-intervention with a fluctuation from zero to thirteen, but there was stability in post intervention with score from two to eight. There was an overlapping of score three times, and four times was decreased in the same matches. In attack skill performance score there was a score fluctuation from one to eight in the pre-intervention and from two to seven, with four matches score to overlap the preintervention score, two to be equal and one to be decreased. There were no effects of the intervention on the targeted skill, only a stability of performance. The mean scores for the other components for Participant one was stable and slight improved as well, but there was no significant. However, this change was not significant and the mean value of performance (.9) was considerably smaller than the expected level (five) of success set by Participant one on the goal attainment scale. Figure about here Participant : Service reception Figure shows the effects of the intervention on the targeted service reception performance of Participant two as well as her attack and service performances. Performance prior to the intervention was not stable, with scores ranging from four, to eight with three times to be between four and five and one time to be under three.

15 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Following the implementation of the goal setting strategy, there was not stability in performance as the pre-intervention matches, with a score from five to nine. There was an overlapping of score in all matches of second round. As Figure also shows, there was not stability for the service skill performance score, in post intervention with a fluctuation from one to six. In the post-intervention matches the score was from two to seven. There was an overlapping of score five times and two times was decreased in the same matches. In attack skill performance score there was a fluctuation from one to eight prior to intervention and in the post intervention score from two to nine, with six times to overlap the score prior to intervention. Following the implementation of the intervention small increase emerged over the mean of the seven matches in the second round for the target skill. In addition, scores for the other components for Participant two, were slight improved in service but slight decreased in attack. However, this change was not significant and the mean value (six) was smaller than the expected level (eight) of success set by Participant two on the goal attainment scale. Figure about here Participant : Attack Figure shows the effects of the intervention on the targeted attack performance of Participant three as well as her service and service reception performances. Performance prior to the intervention was not stable, with scores ranging from one, to seven with two times to be in seven and two times to be in one. Following the implementation of the goal setting strategy, there was a decreasing, but

16 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills there was stability in performance. There was an overlapping of score four times, but an increasing three times in the same matches of second round. As Figure also shows, there was not stability for the service reception skill performance score, in post intervention with a fluctuation from zero to nine. In the post-intervention matches there was a decreasing of score. There was an overlapping of score in five times and only two times there was a decreasing in the matches of second round. In service skill performance score there was a fluctuation from zero to nine prior to intervention and in the post intervention score from one to, with every match score to overlap the score prior to intervention. Following the implementation of the intervention there was a slight increase emerged over the mean of the seven matches in the second round, in the target skill. In addition, scores for the other components for Participant three, were also improved as well. However, this change was not significant and the mean value (four) was smaller than the expected level (six) of success set by Participant three on the goal attainment scale. Figure about here The mean values of all targeted performance component scores for all three participant (Table ), indicates that in post intervention performance were no improvement for Participant one and there were considerably less improvement than the expected level for the Participants two and three. Table, also indicates, across three participants, that performance tended not to change in any of the components that weren t targeted by the participant s during the intervention.

17 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 7 Social Validation Questionnaire In response to how important improvement was to them, two of the participants reported a value of seven and the other one chose six, with seven representing extremely important. The responses to whether the performance changes were significant for them were four, seven, and seven, with seven being extremely significant. The responses to whether the procedure was acceptable to them were six, six, and seven with seven being very much. The responses to whether the procedure proved useful were four, five, and five, with seven also being very much. Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a goal-setting intervention on selected components of volleyball performance over the course of a competitive season. Previous research on the application of the goal attainment scaling procedure, where participant s generated numerical targets for their chosen components, reported improvements in performance following the intervention phase (Swain & Jones, 99). The present study replicated and extended these results to non-elite or relatively unskilled athletes. Two of the three participants slightly improved the score in the target skills, but this improvement was not significant. In addition participants did not manage to reach the goal attainment score. The results of this study suggested also that the selected skill had little effect on the other skills. There were generally no outcome changes in other components of performance. Responses of the social validation questionnaire indicated that the participants had been highly committed to improvement on their respective targeted performance and they felt that the procedure had been acceptable and useful enough. However, to

18 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 8 the open ended question, in the interviews, were each participant was responsible for her response, comments were different. All three participant reported disappointment with their performance improvement, they commented on the positive effect that the strategy had on their concentration but they said that were very difficult to them to keep focus on their target component during the match. In addition Participant two and three added that was easier for them to keep focus on their target component during their training sessions. In such experiments in real world situations, there are some disadvantages. So we tried to eliminate the influence of other factors, by keeping the content of training (physical, technical and tactical) as possible as the same and stable for all players (coach didn t know which athletes were the subjects of experiment and which was the skill they selected to improve). It was expected that the performance of participants, teammates and opponents, would have the same physical progress. The players who played in the first 7 matches, they competed in the 7 second round matches (same duration of play). To ensure also that all opponent teams have the same level of playing, we chose the matches were the same in first and second round (opponent players are the same in first and second round). An important limitation of this study was the athletes ability to set reachable and realistic goals. Lack of this ability, in many situations can be lead in errors, performance decrements and disappointment. When an athlete has to perform two or three task, simultaneously during the game, performance of the focused task depends strongly on the proportion of available attention required by the other tasks and this depends to the extend to which the other tasks can be performed automatically. The strategies participants use to share resources and switch attention between focused

19 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 9 and secondary tasks is a critical influence of performance. Amateur athletes cannot allocate attention and resources between two or more tasks in a flexible manner. Further, participants worried too much about the winning and consequently did not focus sufficiently the task at hand. Weinberg & Gould (999) stated that It is very difficult not to think about winning or how your performance compares with other. After all, winning and losing receive much more attention from others than do an individual s personal goal achievements. Despite the results of the present study, there are studies in elite athletes showing that elite athletes can enhance performance when competing in the real world by using goal setting as an intervention strategy (Swain & Jones 99) and can have better concentration, higher level of self-confidence, more task oriented thoughts and lower level of anxiety (Gould, Eklund, & Jackson, 99). In addition, they could set daily goals, were high in confidence and could practice physiological skills effectively (Orlick & Partigton, 988). In conclusion our findings provide some support of the notion that, particularly for armature athletes, goal attainability during the match cannot produce significant gains in performance. It would appear that future research should focus on understanding the various conditions under which goal attainability hypothesis affects motor performance. This might include an investigation of goal attainability using different strategies other than Smith s (988) scale used in the present study. It is very important for psychologists and coaches to teach participants in that level not only to set goals but also the process of setting goals. Athletes, who employ such strategies, can improve their sports skills; while at the same time learn how to set goals for their life (Papacharisis, Goudas, Danish, & Theodorakis, 00). Studies in elite athletes (Burton, 989) and children s (Papacharisis et al, 00) indicated that

20 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 0 athletes who learn how to set goals demonstrated more appropriate cognitions and better performance than those with less effective goal setting skills. Future investigations should continue to assess the effectiveness of goal setting interventions across a competitive season using team and individual sport athletes, males and females as well. In parallel way situational and personal variables such as goal orientation, coaching style, self-motivation, and social support should be combined to designs to determine the amount of interaction with the goal setting effectiveness. Clearly, it s needed more applied research of the notion that goal setting intervention strategies can enhance performance of sports performers competing in the real world situation. References Byra, M., & Scott, A. (98). A method for recording team statistics in volleyball. Volleyball Technical Journal, 7(), 9-. Baacke, H. (98). Statistical match analysis for evaluation of players and teams performances. Volleyball Technical Journal, Vol. 7(), p. -. Barnett, M. L. (977). Effects of two methods of goal setting on learning a gross motor task. Research Quarterly, 8, 9-. Boyce, B. A., Johnston, T., Wayda, V. K, Bunker, L. K., & Eliot, J. (00). The effects of three types of goal setting conditions on tennis performance: a field-based study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 0()

21 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Boyce, B. A. (99). The effects of goal proximity on skill acquisition and retention of a shooting task in a field-based setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, Burton, D. (99). The Jekyll/Hyde nature of goals: Reconceptualizing goal setting in sport. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (7-97). Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics. Burton, D., Naylor, S. & Holliday, B. (00). Goal setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. Janelle (Eds). Handbook of Sport Psychology. New York: Wiley. Cox, R. H. (97). Relationship between Volleyball skill components and team performance of men s Northwest AA volleyball teams, Research Quarterly,, -. Ejem, M. (980). Some theoretical aspects of statistical game analysis utilization in player s performance evaluation. Volleyball Technical Journal, Vol. (), p. -8. Ejem, M. & Horak, J. (980). Selected findings from statistical analysis of individual play in Czechoslovak championships. Volleyball Technical Journal, Vol. (), p Eom, H. J., and Schutz, R. W. (99). Statistical Analyses of Volleyball Team Performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol., No, pp.-8. Filby, W. C. D., Maynard, I. W., & Graydon, J. K. (999). The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,, 0-.

22 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Gill, D. L. (000). Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. (nd Ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Gould, D., Eklund, R., & Jackson, S. (99). Coping strategies used by more versus less successful Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,, 8-9. Hall, H. K., Weinberg, R. S., & Jackson, A. (987). Effects of goal specifity, goal difficulty, and information feedback on endurance performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, -. Hollingsworth, B. (97). Effects of performance goals and anxiety on learning a gross motor task. Research Quarterly,, -8. Kadzin, A. E. (98). Single-case experimental designs. In P. C. Kendal & J. N. Butcher. (Eds), Hanbook of research methods in clinical psychology (- 90). New York: Wiley. Kendall, G., Hrycaido, D., Martin, G. L., & Kendall, T. (990). The effects of an imagery rehearsal, relaxation, and self-talk package on basketball game performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, 7-. Kyllo, L. B. & Landers, D. M. (99). Goal setting in sport and exercise: A research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 7-7. Lane, A., & Streeter, B. (00). The effectiveness of goal setting as a strategy to improve basketball shooting performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, () 8-0. Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. (98). The application of goal setting to sports. Journal of Sport Psychology,, 0-.

23 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Martin, G., & Pear, J. (99). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it ( th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mooney, R. P., & Mutrie, N. (000). The effects of goal specificity and goal difficulty on the performance of badminton skills in children. Pediatric, Exercise, Science, (), Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., & Weinberg, R. S. (00). A qualitative analysis of the types of goal athletes set in training and competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 7() 8-7. Nishijima, T. & Matsuura, Y. (988). Contribution of the player in reference to his position to the game performance in Volleyball. Paper presented at 988 Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Seoul, Korea. Orlick, T., & Partington, J. (988). Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist,, 0-0. Papaioannou, A., Ballon, F., Theodorakis, Y. & Auwelle, Y.V. (00). Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of soccer shooting task. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 98, Papacharisis, V., Goudas, M., Danish, S. & Theodorakis, Y. (00). The effectiveness of teaching a life skills program in a sport context. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. (in press). Patrick, T. D., & Hrycaiko, D. W. (998). Effects of a mental training package on an endurance performance. The Sport Psychologist,, Sawula, L. (977). Individual Action Plan. Volleyball Technical Journal, Vol. (), p. -8. Smith, R. E. (988). The logic and designed of case study research. The Sport Psychologist,, -.

24 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Swain, A., & Jones, G. (99). Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: A single - subject design, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,, -. Thelwell, R. C., & Greenlees, I. A. (00). Developing competitive endurance performance using mental skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 8-7. Thelwell, R. C., & Greenlees, I. A. (00). The effect of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sport Psychologist,, 7-. Taylor, J. (99). A conceptual model for integrating athlete s needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 9-7. Theodorakis, Y. (99). Effects of Self-Efficacy, Satisfaction, and Personal Goals on Swimming Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 9, -. Vojik, J. (980). Several remarks to a system of accumulating data in volleyball. Volleyball Technical Journal, (), -. Wang, L., Huddleston, S, & Peng, L. (00). Psychological skill used by Chinese swimmers. International Sport Journal, 7(), 8-. Weinberg, R. S. (99). Goal setting and motor performance: A review and critique. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (77-97). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Weinberg, R. S., Butt, J., Knight, B. & Perritt, N. (00). Collegiate coaches perceptions of their goal-settings practices: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,, 7-98.

25 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Weinberg, R. S., Burton, Yukelson, & Weigand, (000). Perceived goal setting practices of Olympic athletes: an exploratory investigation. The Sport Psychologist,, Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (999) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ( nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Weinberg, R. S., Bruya, L., & Jackson, A. (990). Goal setting and competition: A reaction to Hall and Byrne. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, Weinberg, R. S., Bruya, L., & Jackson, A. (98). The effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 9-0.

26 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills Table Goal attainment scales for Participants to (P, P, P). Most Less than More than Best Pre- unfavorable expected expected anticipated intervention treatment success with Target success with treatment Skill mean outcome treatment Goal treatment success P: service. 7 P: service reception P: attack.7 7 8

27 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 7 Table Means and standard deviations for pre- and post intervention performance component scores for Participants to. Participant Participant Participant st round nd round st round nd round st round nd round Service.*.9* (.0) (0.9) () (.80) (.9) (.9) Service.7.7 * *.8. reception (.7) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.7) Attack * * (.7) (.07) (.) (.) (.0) (.) Note *numbers identify performance on the participant s target goal.

28 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 8, service (target behavior),,, games 0, st round nd round 0 service reception games st round nd round 9 attack games 0 st round nd round Figure. Performance component scores for Participant (P).

29 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 9 service st round nd round games service reception (target behavior) st round nd round games attack st round nd round games Figure. Performance component scores for Participant (P).

30 Goal setting interventions on three volleyball skills 0 service games st round nd round service reception 9 games st round nd round 8 attack (target behavior) st round nd round Figure. Performance component scores for Participant (P). games

INTRODUCTION. Yiannis Theodorakis & Marios Goudas University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece

INTRODUCTION. Yiannis Theodorakis & Marios Goudas University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece 01_THEODORAKIS_GOUDAS 1-06-06 13:48 ÂÏ 97 Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 3 (2006), pp. 97-104 INTRODUCTION Yiannis Theodorakis & Marios Goudas University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece Abstract: This

More information

The Effect of External Versus Internal Types of Feedback and Goal Setting on Endurance Performance

The Effect of External Versus Internal Types of Feedback and Goal Setting on Endurance Performance September, 2007 Volume 9, Issue 3 The Effect of External Versus Internal Types of Feedback and Goal Setting on Endurance Performance Marios Goudas, Yannis Theodorakis, University of Thessaly, Greece &

More information

The Role of Psychological Preparation to Young Athletes of Wrestling to be Winners at the Matches.

The Role of Psychological Preparation to Young Athletes of Wrestling to be Winners at the Matches. The Role of Psychological Preparation to Young Athletes of Wrestling to be Winners at the Matches. Ioannis Barbas PhD FILA Scientific Commission The role of psychology in wrestling It is documented that

More information

Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup

Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup August, 2002 Volume 4, Issue 2 Self-Efficacy And Psychological Skills During The Amputee Soccer World Cup James Lowther Wimbledon Football Club Selhurst Park Stadium and Andrew Lane & Helen Lane School

More information

The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes' Use of Imagery

The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes' Use of Imagery The Sport Psychologist, 1998,12,440-449 O 1998 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes' Use of Imagery Krista Munroe, Craig Hall, and Sharon Simms

More information

1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Structure of the Dissertation 1.5 References 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Structure of the Dissertation 1.5 References 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Chapter 1: Problem statement, objectives and hypotheses 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Structure of the Dissertation 1.5 References 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Field hockey is a high

More information

Psychological skills of elite archery athletes

Psychological skills of elite archery athletes Original Article Psychological skills of elite archery athletes EVANGELOS BEBETSOS 1 Department. of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece ABSTRACT Bebetsos,

More information

on motor performance Yannis Theodorakis Democritos University of Thrace F I N A L Manuscript submitted: June, 10, 1995

on motor performance Yannis Theodorakis Democritos University of Thrace F I N A L Manuscript submitted: June, 10, 1995 Theodorakis, Y. (1996) The influence of goals, commitment and self-efficacy on motor performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 171-182. The influence of goals, commitment, self-efficacy and

More information

BOTSWANA TEAM SPORT PLAYERS PERCEPTION OF COHESION AND IMAGERY USE IN SPORT

BOTSWANA TEAM SPORT PLAYERS PERCEPTION OF COHESION AND IMAGERY USE IN SPORT South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2010, 32(1):1-9. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Navorsing in Sport, Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde en Ontspanning, 2010, 32(1):1-9.

More information

The Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age and Ability In Distance Runners

The Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age and Ability In Distance Runners Wayne State University Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies College of Education 12-1-1994 The Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age and Ability In Distance Runners Robert C. Eklund University of Western

More information

Best Practices for Coaching the Ego-Oriented Athlete

Best Practices for Coaching the Ego-Oriented Athlete Best Practices for Coaching the Ego-Oriented Athlete Charlotte R. Stith, M.S. Health and Human Performance Oklahoma State University Timothy Baghurst, Ph.D. Health and Human Performance Oklahoma State

More information

The Effects of Performance and Process Goals on Anxiety and Performance of a Racquetball Task. Trendell Clark

The Effects of Performance and Process Goals on Anxiety and Performance of a Racquetball Task. Trendell Clark The Effects of Performance and Process Goals on Anxiety and Performance of a Racquetball Task Trendell Clark Thesis submitted to the School of Physical Education at West Virginia University in partial

More information

Experimental Studies of Psychological Interventions With Athletes in Competitions

Experimental Studies of Psychological Interventions With Athletes in Competitions 10.1177/0145445503259394 BEHAVIOR Martin et al. / MODIFICATION EXPERIMENTAL / July STUDIES 2005 OF ATHLETES Experimental Studies of Psychological Interventions With Athletes in Competitions Why So Few?

More information

A Season Long Case Study Investigation of Collective Efficacy In Male Intercollegiate Basketball

A Season Long Case Study Investigation of Collective Efficacy In Male Intercollegiate Basketball September, 2003 Volume 5, Issue 3 A Season Long Case Study Investigation of Collective Efficacy In Male Intercollegiate Basketball David MacLean & Philip Sullivan Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology

More information

Advanced Tactics Imagery What to visualize?

Advanced Tactics Imagery What to visualize? Advanced Tactics Imagery What to visualize? Specific Tactics/Anticipation/Deception Patterns (e.g., Flynn, 1998; Parker/Provencal: personal communication) Styles of Play Opponent-Related Psychological

More information

The relationship between anxiety and performance

The relationship between anxiety and performance 2018; 3(1): 10-14 ISSN: 2456-0057 IJPNPE 2018; 3(1): 10-14 2018 IJPNPE www.journalofsports.com Received: 04-11-2017 Accepted: 05-12-2017 Research Scholar, University College of Physical Education Bangalore

More information

A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS OF MENTAL TOUGHNESS IN NATIONAL RUGBY LEAGUE FOOTBALL TEAMS 1

A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS OF MENTAL TOUGHNESS IN NATIONAL RUGBY LEAGUE FOOTBALL TEAMS 1 Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2003, 96,455-462. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2003 A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS OF MENTAL TOUGHNESS IN NATIONAL RUGBY LEAGUE FOOTBALL TEAMS 1 JIM GOLBY AND MICHAEL SHEARD

More information

The role of mental toughness in acquisition and retention of a sports skill

The role of mental toughness in acquisition and retention of a sports skill Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013, 3(6):438-442 ISSN: 2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU The role of mental toughness in acquisition and retention

More information

Mood and Anxiety Scores Predict Winning and Losing Performances in Tennis

Mood and Anxiety Scores Predict Winning and Losing Performances in Tennis Mood and Anxiety Scores Predict Winning and Losing Performances in Tennis Peter C. Terry (terryp@usq.edu.au) Department of Psychology University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 43 Australia Angus

More information

Sports Achievement Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study

Sports Achievement Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study Sports Achievement Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study Zamirullah Khan E-mail: zamirullahkhan@gmail.com Zeeshan Haider (Corresponding author) E-mail: zeeshu.haider@gmail.com

More information

Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity ISSN: Universidade Iguaçu Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity ISSN: Universidade Iguaçu Brasil Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity ISSN: 1981-6324 marcomachado@brjb.com.br Universidade Iguaçu Brasil Ramzaninezhad, Rahim; Hoseini Keshtan, Misagh; Dadban Shahamat, Minoo; Shafiee Kordshooli, Shahram

More information

Journal of Coaching Education

Journal of Coaching Education Athletes Perceptions of a Coach Who Faked Confidence Barrett Wilson University of North Dakota Sandra E. Short University of North Dakota Martin W. Short University of North Dakota Abstract This experimental

More information

Sport Team Culture of Malaysian College Athletes

Sport Team Culture of Malaysian College Athletes IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE) e-issn: 2347-6737, p-issn: 2347-6745, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 11-16 www.iosrjournals.org Sport Team Culture of Malaysian College

More information

Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants

Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants By: Diane L. Gill, Lavon Williams, Deborah A. Dowd, Christina M. Beaudoin, and Jeffrey J. Martin Gill, D.L., Williams, L.,

More information

RJSS. The Effect of Performance Strategic on Team Cohesion and Success in Elite Volleyball Players and Relation with Experience in National Team

RJSS. The Effect of Performance Strategic on Team Cohesion and Success in Elite Volleyball Players and Relation with Experience in National Team The Effect of Performance Strategic on Team Cohesion and Success in Elite Volleyball Players and Relation with Experience in National Team RJSS RESEARCH JOURNAL OF Vol 4 (4): 96-101 http://www.rjssjournal.com

More information

Psychology and performance in sport. Dr. Jane Walsh

Psychology and performance in sport. Dr. Jane Walsh 1 Psychology and performance in sport Dr. Jane Walsh Who am I? 2 Dr. Jane Walsh - Lecturer in Psychology, NUIG Sports fanatic National medal winner Track and Field (2012/13) Winner of Galway Prom Swim

More information

Self-Talk in the Swimming Pool: The Effects of Self-Talk on Thought Content and Performance on Water-Polo Tasks

Self-Talk in the Swimming Pool: The Effects of Self-Talk on Thought Content and Performance on Water-Polo Tasks JOURNAL OF APPLIED SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 16: 138 150, 2004 Copyright Association for Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology ISSN: 1041-3200 print / 1533-1571 online DOI: 10.1080/10413200490437886 Self-Talk

More information

The Relationship Between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment

The Relationship Between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment The Sporf PsychoIogisf, 1990, 4, 145-154 The Relationship Between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment Steven H. Frierman University of North Carolina at Greensboro Robert S. Weinberg

More information

Mental toughness among Athletes: A comparative study

Mental toughness among Athletes: A comparative study 2018; 4(2): 157-161 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2018; 4(2): 157-161 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 19-12-2017 Accepted: 20-01-2018 Assistant Professor Department

More information

Psychological Factors and Issues in Return to Play After ACL Reconstruction JAKI HITZELBERGER, LMHC, MGCP

Psychological Factors and Issues in Return to Play After ACL Reconstruction JAKI HITZELBERGER, LMHC, MGCP Psychological Factors and Issues in Return to Play After ACL Reconstruction JAKI HITZELBERGER, LMHC, MGCP Athlete s Perception ACL INJURY continuum This is the worst thing that could ever happen to me

More information

Assessing the Effectiveness of Self-Talk Interventions on Endurance Performance

Assessing the Effectiveness of Self-Talk Interventions on Endurance Performance JOURNAL OF APPLIED SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 19: 226 239, 2007 Copyright C Association for Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology ISSN: 1041-3200 print / 1533-1571 online DOI: 10.1080/10413200701230613 Assessing

More information

Young table tennis players involvement in the practice: a test of Eysenck and Calvo processing efficiency theory

Young table tennis players involvement in the practice: a test of Eysenck and Calvo processing efficiency theory Young table tennis players involvement in the practice: a test of Eysenck and Calvo processing efficiency theory Chia-Jung Lin 1, Yuh-Yuh Li 2, Chia-Yi Lin 3, Chiu-Ju Lu 4 1 Tainan University of Technology,

More information

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON SWIMMERS

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON SWIMMERS Abstract THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON SWIMMERS Vincent A. Parnabas Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia Anxiety

More information

Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety

Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety Lotfi, Gholamreza Department of Motor Behavior. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport

More information

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Psychology of Sport and Exercise Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (2009) 186 192 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychology of Sport and Exercise journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychsport Mechanisms underlying

More information

Introduction to Mental Skills Training for Successful Athletes John Kontonis Assoc MAPS

Introduction to Mental Skills Training for Successful Athletes John Kontonis Assoc MAPS Introduction to Mental Skills Training for Successful Athletes John Kontonis Assoc MAPS "You can always become better." - Tiger Woods Successful Athletes 1. Choose and maintain a positive attitude. 2.

More information

West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District Physical Education Grade 10

West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District Physical Education Grade 10 West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District Physical Education Grade 10 Page 1 of 6 GRADE 10 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Content Area: Physical Education Course & Grade Level: Physical Education, Grade 10

More information

The Differences between the Winning and Losing Team Anxiety Level and Self - Confidence in the Malaysia Final FA Cup 2016.

The Differences between the Winning and Losing Team Anxiety Level and Self - Confidence in the Malaysia Final FA Cup 2016. The Differences between the Winning and Losing Team Anxiety Level and Self - Confidence in the Malaysia Final FA Cup 2016. Mazlan Ismail 1 & Sharina Salmi Azmi 2 1 Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation,

More information

The Impact of Mental Training Program to Advance Shooting Performance Level of Basketball Juniors

The Impact of Mental Training Program to Advance Shooting Performance Level of Basketball Juniors World Journal of Sport Sciences 3 (3): 191-196, 2010 ISSN 2078-4724 IDOSI Publications, 2010 The Impact of Mental Training Program to Advance Shooting Performance Level of Basketball Juniors Hamdy Kassem

More information

Exploring the 4 W s of self talk within elite level fast bowlers: Where, When, What and Why?

Exploring the 4 W s of self talk within elite level fast bowlers: Where, When, What and Why? Exploring the 4 W s of self talk within elite level fast bowlers: Where, When, What and Why? Adam Kelly and Matt Johnson Southampton Solent University Aim To gain an understanding of the current self talk

More information

Effects of a Mental Training Package on an Endurance Performance

Effects of a Mental Training Package on an Endurance Performance The Sport Psychologist, 1998,12,283-299 O 1998 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Effects of a Mental Training Package on an Endurance Performance Thomas D. Patrick and Dennis W. Hrycaiko University of Manitoba

More information

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA 2014

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA 2014 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 421 425 ERPA 2014 The relationship between perceived coaching behaviour and achievement motivation:

More information

Attributions and Performance: An Empirical Test of Kukla's Theory

Attributions and Performance: An Empirical Test of Kukla's Theory JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 1981. 3.46-57 Attributions and Performance: An Empirical Test of Kukla's Theory David Yukelson and Robert S. Weinberg North Texas State University Stephen West Florida State

More information

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON RUNNING ATHLETES

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON RUNNING ATHLETES THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON RUNNING ATHLETES www.arseam.com Vincent A. Parnabas Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia

More information

Raising the Performance Bar through a Season. Wade Gilbert, PhD

Raising the Performance Bar through a Season. Wade Gilbert, PhD Raising the Performance Bar through a Season Wade Gilbert, PhD wgilbert@csufresno.edu @WadeWgilbert Our culture helped us win the game (2015 champion coach) Normalizing the abnormal See if we can't be

More information

An Examination of Mental Toughness over the Course of a Competitive Season

An Examination of Mental Toughness over the Course of a Competitive Season An Examination of Mental Toughness over the Course of a Competitive Season Mandi J. Drees and Mick G. Mack University of Northern Iowa Mental toughness is critical for achieving athletic success (Loehr,

More information

The Psychology Of Winning How to Develop a Winning Attitude In High Performance Sport. By: Wayne Goldsmith

The Psychology Of Winning How to Develop a Winning Attitude In High Performance Sport. By: Wayne Goldsmith The Psychology Of Winning How to Develop a Winning Attitude In High Performance Sport. World Cup Final Day. The team gathers in the locker room. By: Wayne Goldsmith This is an intense, high-pressure environment

More information

Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Exercise Science Commons

Follow this and additional works at:   Part of the Exercise Science Commons The College at Brockport: State University of New York Digital Commons @Brockport Senior Honors Theses Master's Theses and Honors Projects 12-8-2016 Who Matters? The Perceived Motivational Climates Created

More information

Mental toughness and success levels among elite fencers

Mental toughness and success levels among elite fencers Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(9): 2536-2540, 2012 ISSN 1995-0756 2536 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mental toughness and success

More information

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON TAEKWONDO ATHLETES

THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON TAEKWONDO ATHLETES Abstract THE EFFECT OF COPING STRATEGIES TECHNIQUES ON TAEKWONDO ATHLETES Vincent A. Parnabas Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia

More information

Journal of Physical Education and Sport Vol 28, no 3, September, 2010 e ISSN: ; p ISSN: JPES

Journal of Physical Education and Sport Vol 28, no 3, September, 2010 e ISSN: ; p ISSN: JPES ORIGINAL RESEARCH Online Publication Date: 20 September, 2010 RELATION OF COACHING BEHAVIOR AND ROLE AMBIGUITY Karamousalidis G. 1, Galazoulas Ch. 1, Manousaridou E. 1, Bebetsos E. 2, Grammatikopoulou

More information

WHY? A QUESTION BEHIND EVERY OUTCOME FINALLY ANSWERED

WHY? A QUESTION BEHIND EVERY OUTCOME FINALLY ANSWERED WHY? A QUESTION BEHIND EVERY OUTCOME FINALLY ANSWERED Rebeka Prosoli, Renata Barić, Martina Jurković University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatia ABSTRACT Purpose: Attribution theories investigate

More information

Mental Strategies Predict Performance and Satisfaction with Performance Among Soccer Players

Mental Strategies Predict Performance and Satisfaction with Performance Among Soccer Players Journal of Human Kinetics volume 59/2017, 79-90 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0149 79 Motivation in Physical Education, Sport and Physical Activity and Health Mental Strategies Predict Performance and Satisfaction

More information

Annals of Applied Sport Science 1(1): 23 27, 2013

Annals of Applied Sport Science 1(1): 23 27, 2013 AASSJournal Original Article w w w. a a s s j o u r n a l. c o m ISSN (Online): 2322-4479 Received: 30/10/2012 Accepted: 10/11/2012 Annals of Applied Sport Science 1(1): 23 27, 2013 The Styles of Coping

More information

LEADERSHIP. Mental Preparation For Peak Performance. The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program is presented by REVISED 6/15

LEADERSHIP. Mental Preparation For Peak Performance. The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program is presented by REVISED 6/15 LEADERSHIP Mental Preparation For Peak Performance The USA Hockey Coaching Education Program is presented by REVISED 6/15 OBJECTIVES To identify a player s peak performance To identify skills and attributes

More information

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Jayakumar.R Analysis of psychological characteristics of male and female sportspersons of selected sports discipline Thesis. Department of Physical Education, University

More information

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEAM SPORTS: A/B Grade Level: 9-10-11-12 773800 (Offered both Semesters) This semester-long course includes instruction in two or three activity units per quarter.

More information

Dispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport Performance

Dispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport Performance International Journal of Science Culture and Sport March 2018 : 6(1) ISSN : 2148-1148 Doi : 10.14486/IntJSCS713 Dispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport

More information

A comparative study of psychological skills of different level Indian boxers

A comparative study of psychological skills of different level Indian boxers 2015; 1(13): 445-449 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2015; 1(13): 445-449 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 16-10-2015 Accepted: 19-11-2015 Rajesh Panchal Ph.D.

More information

The examination of motivational climate and goal orientation in basketball players-who did and did not experience a sports injury

The examination of motivational climate and goal orientation in basketball players-who did and did not experience a sports injury International Journal of Human Sciences ISSN:2458-9489 Volume 15 Issue 4 Year: 2018 The examination of motivational climate and goal orientation in basketball players-who did and did not experience a sports

More information

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF BURNOUT LEVELS IN BASKETBALL, VOLLEYBALL AND TRACK AND FIELD COACHES

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF BURNOUT LEVELS IN BASKETBALL, VOLLEYBALL AND TRACK AND FIELD COACHES STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM Vol. 13, No. 1, 2006 G. KARABATSOS 1, G. MALOUSARIS 2, N. APOSTOLIDIS 2 1 Department of Track and Field 2 Department of Sports and Games, Faculty of Physical Education

More information

SELF-EFFICACY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE INTERVARSITY SOCCER PLAYERS

SELF-EFFICACY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE INTERVARSITY SOCCER PLAYERS Journal of Physical Education Research, Volume 1, December, 2014, pp.08-12 ISSN: Print-2394 4048, Online-2394 4056 SELF-EFFICACY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE INTERVARSITY SOCCER PLAYERS MOHAMMAD AHSAN Department

More information

A COMPARISON OF MOVEMENT IMAGERY ABILITY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES SPORT STUDENTS

A COMPARISON OF MOVEMENT IMAGERY ABILITY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES SPORT STUDENTS A COMPARISON OF MOVEMENT IMAGERY ABILITY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES SPORT STUDENTS Anas Qwagzeh, Ahmad albtoush, Mahmoud Alzoubi, Mustafa Aldeghidi and Aida Al-Awamleh University of Jordan, Faculty of Physical

More information

Maximizing a Timeout. Emotional Control and Instructional Effectiveness: By Staci R. Andrews

Maximizing a Timeout. Emotional Control and Instructional Effectiveness: By Staci R. Andrews Emotional Control and Instructional Effectiveness: Maximizing a Timeout I was intense but never uncontrolled in the huddle. No screaming, no profanity. That short period of time was valuable. I didn t

More information

try sport give it a go Fancy trying a new sport? Want to pick up a sport you ve left behind?

try sport give it a go Fancy trying a new sport?   Want to pick up a sport you ve left behind? try sport give it a go 2 011 12 Sign up to one of our ten week courses and experience the first steps into sport Fancy trying a new sport? Want to pick up a sport you ve left behind? www.sport.bham.ac.uk

More information

Coaching Leadership Styles and Athlete Satisfactions Among Malaysian University Basketball Team

Coaching Leadership Styles and Athlete Satisfactions Among Malaysian University Basketball Team Coaching Leadership Styles and Athlete Satisfactions Among Malaysian University Basketball Team Mohamad Nizam Bin Hj. Nazarudin Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia E-mail: mnizam@ums.edu.my Tel:

More information

PLAYERS PERCEPTION AND PREFERANCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS PLAYING POSITION OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN ETHIOPIA

PLAYERS PERCEPTION AND PREFERANCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS PLAYING POSITION OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN ETHIOPIA PLAYERS PERCEPTION AND PREFERANCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS PLAYING POSITION OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN ETHIOPIA Milkyas Bassa Mukulo Ph.D. Research Scholar, Andhra University, Department of

More information

Types of Attentional Focus Key Several types of attentional focus are appropriate for specific sport skills & activities.

Types of Attentional Focus Key Several types of attentional focus are appropriate for specific sport skills & activities. Chapter 16: Concentration What Is Concentration? Types of Attentional Focus Shifting Attentional Focus Attentional Problems Choking as an Attentional Problem Self-Talk Assessing Attentional Skills Tips

More information

THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF HOCKEY ATHLETES AS THE COMPETITION PROGRESSED. Mary Magdalene Teh. Abstract

THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF HOCKEY ATHLETES AS THE COMPETITION PROGRESSED. Mary Magdalene Teh. Abstract THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF HOCKEY ATHLETES AS THE COMPETITION PROGRESSED By Mary Magdalene Teh Abstract This study aimed to examine if there was any significant difference in the level of cognitive anxiety,

More information

Differences in Goal Orientation Between Athletes in Individual Sports Versus Team Sports. Jennifer Taft

Differences in Goal Orientation Between Athletes in Individual Sports Versus Team Sports. Jennifer Taft Differences in Goal Orientation Between Athletes in Individual Sports Versus Team Sports by Jennifer Taft Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science in Exercise Science

More information

Examining the Relationship between Team Cohesion, Comparative Anxiety and Self-Confidence among Ethiopian Basketball Teams

Examining the Relationship between Team Cohesion, Comparative Anxiety and Self-Confidence among Ethiopian Basketball Teams Examining the Relationship between Team Cohesion, Comparative Anxiety and Self-Confidence among Ethiopian Basketball Teams Tesfay Asgedom Haddera Assistant Professor in Department of Sports Science, Addis

More information

A critical assessment of psychological skills training in sports RAVINDRA BALIRAM KHANDARE AND SUWRUDHESH HARIBHAU PADOLE

A critical assessment of psychological skills training in sports RAVINDRA BALIRAM KHANDARE AND SUWRUDHESH HARIBHAU PADOLE International Journal of hysic al ducation A Case Study Volume 5 Issue 2 October, 2012 183-188 A critical assessment of psychological skills training in sports RAVINDRA BALIRAM KHANDARE AND SUWRUDHESH

More information

Athletes Profile, Satisfaction, Coaches Leadership Behavior As Determinants Of Athletes Performance In State Universities And Colleges Of Region IV

Athletes Profile, Satisfaction, Coaches Leadership Behavior As Determinants Of Athletes Performance In State Universities And Colleges Of Region IV Athletes Profile, Satisfaction, Coaches Leadership Behavior As Determinants Of Athletes In State Universities And Colleges Of Region IV Dr. Kristine P. Cinco Batangas State University, College of Teacher

More information

Case Study of Mental Skills Training for a Taekwondo Olympian

Case Study of Mental Skills Training for a Taekwondo Olympian Journal of Human Kinetics volume 50/2016, 235-245 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0161 235 Section IV Behavioural Sciences in Sport Case Study of Mental Skills Training for a Taekwondo Olympian by TaeHee Lim 1,

More information

Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and Track and Field Athletes

Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and Track and Field Athletes Journal of Human Kinetics volume 27/2011, 180-189 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0014-0 180 Section III Sport, Physical Education & Recreation Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and

More information

LONG TERM PLAYER DEVELOPMENT Gary White, Technical Director

LONG TERM PLAYER DEVELOPMENT Gary White, Technical Director LONG TERM PLAYER DEVELOPMENT Gary White, Technical Director Parent Education Parents play a vital role in supporting their children's long term soccer development Gary White, Technical Director Washington

More information

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA The sources of conflict in professional basketball teams. The case of Greece

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA The sources of conflict in professional basketball teams. The case of Greece Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 343 347 ERPA 2014 The sources of conflict in professional basketball teams. The case of Greece

More information

The Influence of Mental Imagery Techniques on Sport Performance among Taekwondo Athletes

The Influence of Mental Imagery Techniques on Sport Performance among Taekwondo Athletes EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 11/ February 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) The Influence of Mental Imagery Techniques on Sport Performance

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF HANDBALL TRAINING AT JUNIOR LEVEL THROUGH COMPLEMENTARY MEANS OF PREPARATION

OPTIMIZATION OF HANDBALL TRAINING AT JUNIOR LEVEL THROUGH COMPLEMENTARY MEANS OF PREPARATION NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Bucharest, Romania, 2016 OPTIMIZATION OF HANDBALL TRAINING AT JUNIOR LEVEL THROUGH COMPLEMENTARY MEANS OF PREPARATION DOCTORAL THESIS ABSTRACT Scientific

More information

Should Strength and Conditioning Professionals Attempt to Incorporate Everything into Their Training Program Design?

Should Strength and Conditioning Professionals Attempt to Incorporate Everything into Their Training Program Design? Should Strength and Conditioning Professionals Attempt to Incorporate Everything into Their Training Program Design? Robert A. Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS Professional Physical Therapy Professional Athletic

More information

The Performance Function of Imagery on Rowing Athletes

The Performance Function of Imagery on Rowing Athletes EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 11/ February 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) The Performance Function of Imagery on Rowing Athletes VINCENT

More information

Other Papers. Examination of Pre-competition anxiety levels, of mid-distance runners: A quantitative approach

Other Papers. Examination of Pre-competition anxiety levels, of mid-distance runners: A quantitative approach Other Papers Polish Psychological Bulletin 2015, vol. 46(3) 498 502 DOI - 10.1515/ppb-2015-0056 Evangelos Bebetsos * Dimitrios Goulimaris * Examination of Pre-competition anxiety levels, of mid-distance

More information

Sevenoaks Sports Camps. Easter holidays and May half term 2018

Sevenoaks Sports Camps. Easter holidays and May half term 2018 Sevenoaks Sports Camps Easter holidays and May half term 2018 Welcome Sevenoaks Sports Camps at The Sennocke Centre promote sports performance, participation and wellbeing. Our camps for 2018 include Junior

More information

The Deteriorate Function of Cognitive Anxiety on Rowing Athletes

The Deteriorate Function of Cognitive Anxiety on Rowing Athletes The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2349-3429 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Special Issue, Paper ID: IJIPS20150209 http://www.ijip.in February 2015 The Deteriorate Function of Cognitive

More information

The Effects of Imagery Training on Swimming Performance: An Applied Investigation

The Effects of Imagery Training on Swimming Performance: An Applied Investigation See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235655616 The Effects of Imagery Training on Swimming Performance: An Applied Investigation

More information

TACTICAL PERIODIZATION. Theory & Fundamentals Jose Guilherme Oliveira

TACTICAL PERIODIZATION. Theory & Fundamentals Jose Guilherme Oliveira TACTICAL PERIODIZATION Theory & Fundamentals Jose Guilherme Oliveira The game of Football is A confrontation between chaotic deterministic systems with fractal organization. Chaotic systems: Complex systems

More information

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE AND PERFORMANCE OF PERAK SUKMA ATHLETES AND COACHES. Malaysia. Published online: 10 November 2017

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE AND PERFORMANCE OF PERAK SUKMA ATHLETES AND COACHES. Malaysia. Published online: 10 November 2017 Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ISSN 1112-9867 Research Article Special Issue Available online at http://www.jfas.info RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE AND PERFORMANCE OF PERAK SUKMA ATHLETES

More information

The Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities

The Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities The Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities By: Diane L. Gill, David A. Dzewaltowski, and Thomas E. Deeter Gill, D.L., Dzewaltowski,

More information

Imagery. Using all of the senses to create or re-create an experience in the mind.

Imagery. Using all of the senses to create or re-create an experience in the mind. Imagery Using all of the senses to create or re-create an experience in the mind. Imagery - What is it? Mental imagery refers to (1) all those quasisensory or quasi-perceptual experiences of which (2)

More information

Lim BH 1 & Balbir SG 2. Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lim BH 1 & Balbir SG 2. Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Gender Differences in the Effects of Psychological Interventions on Multidimensional State Anxiety Prior to Competition in Malaysian Volleyball Players Lim BH 1 & Balbir SG 2 1, 2 Sports Centre, University

More information

The Deteriorate Function of Cognitive Anxiety on Sepak Takraw Athletes

The Deteriorate Function of Cognitive Anxiety on Sepak Takraw Athletes The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2349-3429 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Special Issue, Paper ID: IJIPS20150205 http://www.ijip.in February 2015 ABSTRACT: The Deteriorate Function

More information

Psychological profiles of talented male youth athletes in team sports games

Psychological profiles of talented male youth athletes in team sports games Vol. 5(1) pp. 5-10, March 2014 DOI: 10.5897/JPESM12.54 ISSN 1996-0794 Copyright 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/jpesm Journal of Physical Education and

More information

9 th Grade 2004 National Physical Education Standards to MN Benchmarks

9 th Grade 2004 National Physical Education Standards to MN Benchmarks 9 th Grade 2004 National Physical Education Standards to MN Benchmarks STANDARD BENCHMARK ACTIVITY/EXAMPLE 9.1 Demonstrates competency in motor skills & movement patterns needed to perform a variety of

More information

Emotional Intelligence and Will to Win among Male Hockey Players

Emotional Intelligence and Will to Win among Male Hockey Players Advances in Physical Education, 2014, 4, 116-126 Published Online August 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ape http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ape.2014.43016 Emotional Intelligence and Will to Win

More information

CHAPTER 7: Achievement motivation, attribution theory, self-efficacy and confidence. Practice questions - text book pages

CHAPTER 7: Achievement motivation, attribution theory, self-efficacy and confidence. Practice questions - text book pages QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CHAPTER 7: Achievement motivation, attribution theory, self-efficacy and confidence Practice questions - text book pages 111-112 1) Which one of the following best explains achievement

More information

The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time

The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29 (2011) 606 610 International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2011) The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time Shahzad

More information

AROUSAL AND ANXIETY SECTION B CHAPTER 11

AROUSAL AND ANXIETY SECTION B CHAPTER 11 SECTION B CHAPTER 11 AROUSAL AND ANXIETY Peak flow theory Csikzentmihalyi derived a theory which asserts that flow is an optimal experience which is intrinsically rewarding. Figure 11.4 shows the relationship

More information

Coaching under pressure: mental skills training for sports coaches

Coaching under pressure: mental skills training for sports coaches Coaching under pressure: mental skills training for sports coaches OLUSOGA, Peter , MAYNARD, Ian , BUTT, Joanne

More information

The Effect of Mental Imagery with Positive Thinking on Bilateral Transmission of Forehand and Backhand Skills in Table Tennis Players

The Effect of Mental Imagery with Positive Thinking on Bilateral Transmission of Forehand and Backhand Skills in Table Tennis Players 2015, TextRoad Publication ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com The Effect of Mental Imagery with Positive Thinking on Bilateral Transmission of Forehand

More information