lab exam lab exam Experimental Design Experimental Design when: Nov 27 - Dec 1 format: length = 1 hour each lab section divided in two
|
|
- Lambert Jones
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 lab exam when: Nov 27 - Dec 1 length = 1 hour each lab section divided in two register for the exam in your section so there is a computer reserved for you If you write in the 1st hour, you can t leave early! If you write in the second hour, you can t arrive late! format: lab exam open book! similar to questions in lab manual last section in the lab manual has review questions show all your work: hypotheses, tests of assumptions, test statistics, p-values and conclusions Experimental Design Experimental Design Experimental design is the part of statistics that happens before you carry out an experiment Proper planning can save many headaches You should design your experiments with a particular statistical test in mind
2 Why do experiments? Contrast: observational study vs. experiments Example: Observational studies show a positive association between ice cream sales and levels of violent crime What does this mean? Why do experiments? Contrast: observational study vs. experiments Example: Observational studies show a positive association between ice cream sales and levels of violent crime What does this mean? Alternative explanation Alternative explanation Ice cream Ice cream Correlation is not causation Hot weather Violent crime Hot weather Violent crime
3 Why do experiments? Observational studies are prone to confounding variables: Variables that mask or distort the association between measured variables in a study Example: hot weather In an experiment, you can use random assignments of treatments to individuals to avoid confounding variables Goals of Experimental Design Avoid experimental artifacts Eliminate bias 1. Use a simultaneous control group 2. Randomization 3. Blinding Reduce sampling error 1. Replication 2. Balance 3. Blocking Goals of Experimental Design Avoid experimental artifacts Eliminate bias 1. Use a simultaneous control group 2. Randomization 3. Blinding Reduce sampling error 1. Replication 2. Balance 3. Blocking Experimental Artifacts Experimental artifacts: a bias in a measurement produced by unintended consequences of experimental procedures Conduct your experiments under as natural of conditions as possible to avoid artifacts
4 Experimental Artifacts Example: diving birds Goals of Experimental Design Avoid experimental artifacts Eliminate bias 1. Use a simultaneous control group 2. Randomization 3. Blinding Reduce sampling error 1. Replication 2. Balance 3. Blocking Control Group A control group is a group of subjects left untreated for the treatment of interest but otherwise experiencing the same conditions as the treated subjects Example: one group of patients is given an inert placebo The Placebo Effect Patients treated with placebos, including sugar pills, often report improvement Example: up to 40% of patients with chronic back pain report improvement when treated with a placebo Even sham surgeries can have a positive effect This is why you need a control group!
5 Randomization Experimental units Randomization is the random assignment of treatments to units in an experimental study Breaks the association between potential confounding variables and the explanatory variables Confounding variable Experimental units Treatments Experimental units Treatments Confounding variable Confounding variable Without randomization, the confounding variable differs among treatments
6 Experimental units Treatments Experimental units Treatments Confounding variable Confounding variable With randomization, the confounding variable does not differ among treatments Blinding Blinding is the concealment of information from the participants and/or researchers about which subjects are receiving which treatments Single blind: subjects are unaware of treatments Double blind: subjects and researchers are unaware of treatments Blinding Example: testing heart medication Two treatments: drug and placebo Single blind: the patients don t know which group they are in, but the doctors do Double blind: neither the patients nor the doctors administering the drug know which group the patients are in
7 Goals of Experimental Design Avoid experimental artifacts Eliminate bias 1. Use a simultaneous control group 2. Randomization 3. Blinding Reduce sampling error 1. Replication 2. Balance 3. Blocking Replication Experimental unit: the individual unit to which treatments are assigned Tank 1 Tank 2 All separate tanks Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Replication Experimental unit: the individual unit to which treatments are assigned Replication Experimental unit: the individual unit to which treatments are assigned 2 Experimental Units Experiment 1 2 Experimental Units Experiment 1 2 Experimental Units Experiment 2 2 Experimental Units Pseudoreplication Experiment 2 Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 1 Tank 2 8 Experimental Units All separate tanks Experiment 3 8 Experimental Units All separate tanks Experiment 3
8 Why is pseudoreplication bad? Tank 1 Tank 2 problem with confounding and replication! Imagine that something strange happened, by chance, to tank 2 but not to tank 1 Example: light burns out Experiment 2 All four lizards in tank 2 would be smaller You might then think that the difference was due to the treatment, but it s actually just random chance Why is replication good? Consider the formula for standard error of the mean: Larger n SE Y = s n Smaller SE Balance In a balanced experimental design, all treatments have equal sample size Better than Balance In a balanced experimental design, all treatments have equal sample size This maximizes power Also makes tests more robust to violating assumptions Balanced Unbalanced
9 Blocking Blocking is the grouping of experimental units that have similar properties Within each block, treatments are randomly assigned to experimental treatments Randomized block design Randomized Block Design Example: cattle tanks in a field Randomized Block Design
10 Very sunny Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Not So Sunny What good is blocking? Blocking allows you to remove extraneous variation from the data Like replicating the whole experiment multiple times, once in each block Paired design is an example of blocking Block 4 Experiments with 2 Factors Factorial design investigates all treatment combinations of two or more variables Factorial design allows us to test for interactions between treatment variables
11 Factorial Design Interaction Effects Temperature ph An interaction between two (or more) explanatory variables means that the effect of one variable depends upon the state of the other variable 40 Interpretations of 2-way ANOVA Terms Interpretations of 2-way ANOVA Terms Effect of ph and Temperature, No interaction Effect of ph and Temperature, with interaction
12 Goals of Experimental Design Avoid experimental artifacts Eliminate bias 1. Use a simultaneous control group 2. Randomization 3. Blinding Reduce sampling error 1. Replication 2. Balance 3. Blocking What if you can t do experiments? Sometimes you can t do experiments One strategy: Matching Every individual in the treatment group is matched to a control individual having the same or closely similar values for known confounding variables What if you can t do experiments? Example: Do species on islands change their body size compared to species in mainland habitats? For each island species, identify a closely related species living on a nearby mainland area Power Analysis Before carrying out an experiment you must choose a sample size Too small: no chance to detect treatment effect Too large: too expensive We can use power analysis to choose our sample size
13 Power Analysis Example: confidence interval For a two-sample t-test, the approximate width of a 95% confidence interval for the difference in means is: precision = 4 " #2 #n Power Analysis Example: confidence interval The sample size needed for a particular level of precision is: n = 32 " Precision 2 (assuming that the data are a random sample from a normal distribution) Power Analysis Assume that the standard deviation of exam scores for a class is 10. I want to compare scores between two lab sections. A. How many exams do I need to mark to obtain a confidence limit for the difference in mean exam scores between two classes that has a width (precision) of 5? n = 32 n = 32 " Precision =128 Power Analysis Example: power Remember, power = 1 -!! = Pr[Type II error] Typical goal is power = 0.80 For a two-sample t-test, the sample size needed for a power of 80% to detect a difference of D is: n = 16 " D 2
14 Power Analysis Assume that the standard deviation of exam scores for a class is 10. I want to compare scores between two lab sections. B. How many exams do I need to mark to have sufficient power (80%) to detect a mean difference of 10 points between the sections? n = 16 " D 2 n = = 16
Assignment #6. Chapter 10: 14, 15 Chapter 11: 14, 18. Due tomorrow Nov. 6 th by 2pm in your TA s homework box
Assignment #6 Chapter 10: 14, 15 Chapter 11: 14, 18 Due tomorrow Nov. 6 th by 2pm in your TA s homework box Assignment #7 Chapter 12: 18, 24 Chapter 13: 28 Due next Friday Nov. 13 th by 2pm in your TA
More informationMAT Mathematics in Today's World
MAT 1000 Mathematics in Today's World Last Time 1. What does a sample tell us about the population? 2. Practical problems in sample surveys. Last Time Parameter: Number that describes a population Statistic:
More informationChapter 8 Statistical Principles of Design. Fall 2010
Chapter 8 Statistical Principles of Design Fall 2010 Experimental Design Many interesting questions in biology involve relationships between response variables and one or more explanatory variables. Biology
More informationCHAPTER 4 Designing Studies
CHAPTER 4 Designing Studies 4.2 Experiments The Practice of Statistics, 5th Edition Starnes, Tabor, Yates, Moore Bedford Freeman Worth Publishers Experiments Learning Objectives After this section, you
More informationDesigned Experiments have developed their own terminology. The individuals in an experiment are often called subjects.
When we wish to show a causal relationship between our explanatory variable and the response variable, a well designed experiment provides the best option. Here, we will discuss a few basic concepts and
More informationThe Practice of Statistics 1 Week 2: Relationships and Data Collection
The Practice of Statistics 1 Week 2: Relationships and Data Collection Video 12: Data Collection - Experiments Experiments are the gold standard since they allow us to make causal conclusions. example,
More informationPrinciples of Experimental Design
Principles of Experimental Design Bret Hanlon and Bret Larget Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin Madison November 15, 2011 Designing Experiments 1 / 31 Experimental Design Many interesting
More informationPrinciples of Experimental Design
Principles of Experimental Design Bret Hanlon and Bret Larget Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin Madison November 15, 2011 Designing Experiments 1 / 31 Experimental Design Many interesting
More information1. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations?
1. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? 2. Can correlations make predictions? 3. Can correlations prove causation? 4. What are illusory correlations? We can take data from
More informationResearch. how we figure stuff out. Methods
Research how we figure stuff out Methods Penny in the Glass Activity Let s Make A Deal! One volunteer is needed for a chance to win $1,334,499! Let s Make A Deal Shows Us That: Human Intuition is highly
More informationChapter 11. Experimental Design: One-Way Independent Samples Design
11-1 Chapter 11. Experimental Design: One-Way Independent Samples Design Advantages and Limitations Comparing Two Groups Comparing t Test to ANOVA Independent Samples t Test Independent Samples ANOVA Comparing
More informationCHAPTER 9: Producing Data: Experiments
CHAPTER 9: Producing Data: Experiments The Basic Practice of Statistics 6 th Edition Moore / Notz / Fligner Lecture PowerPoint Slides Chapter 9 Concepts 2 Observation vs. Experiment Subjects, Factors,
More information04/12/2014. Research Methods in Psychology. Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs. What is your ideas? Testing
Research Methods in Psychology Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs 1 Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments? What is your ideas? 2 Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments? Testing Hypotheses derived from
More informationGLOSSARY OF GENERAL TERMS
GLOSSARY OF GENERAL TERMS Absolute risk reduction Absolute risk reduction (ARR) is the difference between the event rate in the control group (CER) and the event rate in the treated group (EER). ARR =
More informationExperimental Design There is no recovery from poorly collected data!
Experimental Design There is no recovery from poorly collected data! Vocabulary List n Look over the list of words. n Count how many you feel you know. n Place a dot on the number line above that number.
More informationUNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS
THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS Module 4: The Need for Psychological Science Module 5: Scientific Method and Description Module 6: Correlation and Experimentation
More informationHUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Professor Bilge Mutlu Computer Sciences, Psychology, & Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison CS/Psych-770 Human-Computer Interaction
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND EX POST FACTO DESIGNS M O N A R A H I M I
EXPERIMENTAL AND EX POST FACTO DESIGNS M O N A R A H I M I EXPERIMENTAL AND EX POST FACTO DESIGN To strongly identify cause-and-effect relationships Experimental Design EXPERIMENTAL AND EX POST FACTO DESIGN
More informationaps/stone U0 d14 review d2 teacher notes 9/14/17 obj: review Opener: I have- who has
aps/stone U0 d14 review d2 teacher notes 9/14/17 obj: review Opener: I have- who has 4: You should be able to explain/discuss each of the following words/concepts below... Observational Study/Sampling
More informationChapter 13 Summary Experiments and Observational Studies
Chapter 13 Summary Experiments and Observational Studies What have we learned? We can recognize sample surveys, observational studies, and randomized comparative experiments. o These methods collect data
More informationGathering. Useful Data. Chapter 3. Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Gathering Chapter 3 Useful Data Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Principal Idea: The knowledge of how the data were generated is one of the key ingredients for translating
More informationChapter 13. Experiments and Observational Studies. Copyright 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13 Experiments and Observational Studies Copyright 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Observational Studies In an observational study, researchers don t assign choices; they simply observe
More informationTopic 5 Day 2. Homework #2: Saint John's Wort
Today's Agenda: 1. Hand back and go over Topic 4 Quizzes 2. Hand back and go over exit slips 3. Correct and collect Activities 5 7, 5 17 & 5 23 4. Activity 5 4 5. Activity 5 8. Activity 5 7. Topic 5 Preliminaries
More informationAP Statistics Exam Review: Strand 2: Sampling and Experimentation Date:
AP Statistics NAME: Exam Review: Strand 2: Sampling and Experimentation Date: Block: II. Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and conducting a study (10%-15%) Data must be collected according to a well-developed
More informationName: Open binders and StatCrunch are allowed. For each problem marked with a, follow these directions:
Units 5 and 6 Units 5 and 6 Group Quiz Name: Holtmann Open binders and StatCrunch are allowed. For each problem marked with a, follow these directions: Sketch a normal curve. Label the mean with a number.
More informationThe degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Accuracy
Accuracy The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Case studies A descriptive research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations. (See page
More informationOur goal in this section is to explain a few more concepts about experiments. Don t be concerned with the details.
Our goal in this section is to explain a few more concepts about experiments. Don t be concerned with the details. 1 We already mentioned an example with two explanatory variables or factors the case of
More informationSection Experiments
Section 4.2 - Experiments There are two different ways to produce/gather data in order to answer specific questions: 1. Observational Studies Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
More information9.0 L '- ---'- ---'- --' X
352 C hap te r Ten 11.0 10.5 Y 10.0 9.5 9.0 L...- ----'- ---'- ---'- --' 0.0 0.5 1.0 X 1.5 2.0 FIGURE 10.23 Interpreting r = 0 for curvilinear data. Establishing causation requires solid scientific understanding.
More informationMore on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables (Part 1) Dr. Stefanie Drew
1 More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables (Part 1) Dr. Stefanie Drew stefanie.drew@csun.edu 2 Previously, On Research Methods Basic structure of an experiment Now in more detail Internal
More informationAP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology
AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology 1. In the opening vignette, to what was Alicia's condition linked? The death of her parents and only brother 2. What did Pennebaker s study
More informationAP Statistics Unit 4.2 Day 3 Notes: Experimental Design. Expt1:
AP Statistics Unit 4.2 Day 3 Notes: Experimental Design OBSERVATION -observe outcomes without imposing any treatment EXPERIMENT -actively impose some treatment in order to observe the response I ve developed
More informationHomework Answers. 1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design
Homework Answers 2. Ordinal, Interval, Ratio 4. False. You can calculate meaningful differences. 6. False. Data at the ratio level can be put in order. Sep 7 1:51 PM 1.3 Data Collection and Experimental
More informationStudy Methodology: Tricks and Traps
Study Methodology: Tricks and Traps Designed Experiments Observational Studies Weighted Averages 1 1. DEs and OSs Chapters 1 and 2 contrast designed experiments (DEs) with observational studies (OSs).
More informationDesign of Experiments & Introduction to Research
Design of Experiments & Introduction to Research 1 Design of Experiments Introduction to Research Definition and Purpose Scientific Method Research Project Paradigm Structure of a Research Project Types
More informationUnit 3: Collecting Data. Observational Study Experimental Study Sampling Bias Types of Sampling
Unit 3: Collecting Data Observational Study Experimental Study Sampling Bias Types of Sampling Feb 7 10:12 AM The step of data collection is critical to obtain reliable information for your study. 2 Types
More informationHigher Psychology RESEARCH REVISION
Higher Psychology RESEARCH REVISION 1 The biggest change from the old Higher course (up to 2014) is the possibility of an analysis and evaluation question (8-10) marks asking you to comment on aspects
More informationCritical Appraisal of Evidence
Critical Appraisal of Evidence A Focus on Intervention/Treatment Studies Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, CPNP/PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN Associate Vice President for Health Promotion University Chief Wellness Officer
More informationExperiments in the Real World
Experiments in the Real World Goal of a randomized comparative experiment: Subjects should be treated the same in all ways except for the treatments we are trying to compare. Example: Rats in cages given
More informationThe Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2
The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including
More informationLAB 7: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
LAB 7: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Making an observation and asking an interesting question The first steps in the scientific method include making an observation, doing some background research on the topic,
More informationExperimental Research. Types of Group Comparison Research. Types of Group Comparison Research. Stephen E. Brock, Ph.D.
Experimental Research Stephen E. Brock, Ph.D., NCSP California State University, Sacramento 1 Types of Group Comparison Research Review Causal-comparative AKA Ex Post Facto (Latin for after the fact).
More informationQuizzes (and relevant lab exercises): 20% Midterm exams (2): 25% each Final exam: 30%
1 Intro to statistics Continued 2 Grading policy Quizzes (and relevant lab exercises): 20% Midterm exams (2): 25% each Final exam: 30% Cutoffs based on final avgs (A, B, C): 91-100, 82-90, 73-81 3 Numerical
More informationPsych 1Chapter 2 Overview
Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What are five characteristics of an ideal scientist? 2) What are the defining elements of
More informationObservational study is a poor way to gauge the effect of an intervention. When looking for cause effect relationships you MUST have an experiment.
Chapter 5 Producing data Observational study Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. Experiment Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals
More informationSection 6.1 Sampling. Population each element (or person) from the set of observations that can be made (entire group)
Section 6.1 Sampling Population each element (or person) from the set of observations that can be made (entire group) Sample a subset of the population Census systematically getting information about an
More information2.75: 84% 2.5: 80% 2.25: 78% 2: 74% 1.75: 70% 1.5: 66% 1.25: 64% 1.0: 60% 0.5: 50% 0.25: 25% 0: 0%
Capstone Test (will consist of FOUR quizzes and the FINAL test grade will be an average of the four quizzes). Capstone #1: Review of Chapters 1-3 Capstone #2: Review of Chapter 4 Capstone #3: Review of
More informationLab 2: The Scientific Method. Summary
Lab 2: The Scientific Method Summary Today we will venture outside to the University pond to develop your ability to apply the scientific method to the study of animal behavior. It s not the African savannah,
More informationEssential Question: How do we incorporate good experimental design in investigations? Experiments
Essential Question: How do we incorporate good experimental design in investigations? Experiments Objectives Distinguish between good and poor experimental design. Identify independent, dependent, and
More informationDaily Agenda. Honors Statistics. 1. Check homework C4#9. 4. Discuss 4.3 concepts. Finish 4.2 concepts. March 28, 2017
Honors Statistics Aug 23-8:26 PM Daily Agenda 1. Check homework C4#9 Finish 4.2 concepts 4. Discuss 4.3 concepts Aug 23-8:31 PM 1 Apr 6-9:53 AM Nov 11-12:33 PM 2 Lack of BLINDING... The same person "experimenter"
More informationThe essential focus of an experiment is to show that variance can be produced in a DV by manipulation of an IV.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS I: Between-Groups Designs There are many experimental designs. We begin this week with the most basic, where there is a single IV and where participants are divided into two or more
More informationGATHERING DATA. Chapter 4
GATHERING DATA Chapter 4 4.3 What are Good and Poor Ways to Experiment? Elements of an Experiment Experimental units: Subjects Treatment: Conditions imposed on subjects Explanatory variable: Defines groups
More informationExperimental and survey design
Friday, October 12, 2001 Page: 1 Experimental and survey design 1. There is a positive association between the number of drownings and ice cream sales. This is an example of an association likely caused
More informationLesson Plan. Class Policies. Designed Experiments. Observational Studies. Weighted Averages
Lesson Plan 1 Class Policies Designed Experiments Observational Studies Weighted Averages 0. Class Policies and General Information Our class website is at www.stat.duke.edu/ banks. My office hours are
More informationLeaning objectives. Outline. 13-Jun-16 BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS John I. Anetor Chemical Pathology Department University of Ibadan Nigeria MEDICAL EDUCATION PATNERSHIP INITIATIVE NIGERIA [MEPIN] JUNIOR FACULTY WORKSHOP 10-13 th May, 2014 @
More informationSampling Reminders about content and communications:
Sampling A free response question dealing with sampling or experimental design has appeared on every AP Statistics exam. The question is designed to assess your understanding of fundamental concepts such
More informationQuestion: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research?
Section 1: Conducting Research Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? In psychology, assumptions must be supported by evidence. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1. Form
More informationVery Short Notes. Short Notes. 1 placebo definition 2 placebo effect definition
Chapter 5 The Placebo Effect Notes and Transcript When you make a speech or presentation, you want to know the material very well, even if you have notes and a transcript to look at. You can learn the
More informationChapter 1 - Sampling and Experimental Design
Chapter 1 - Sampling and Experimental Design Read sections 1.3-1.5 Sampling (1.3.3 and 1.4.2) Sampling Plans: methods of selecting individuals from a population. We are interested in sampling plans such
More information4.2: Experiments. SAT Survey vs. SAT. Experiment. Confounding Variables. Section 4.2 Experiments. Observational Study vs.
4.2: s SAT Survey vs. SAT Describe a survey and an experiment that can be used to determine the relationship between SAT scores and hours studied? Section 4.2 s After this section, you should be able to
More informationChapter 13. Experiments and Observational Studies
Chapter 13 Experiments and Observational Studies 1 /36 Homework Read Chpt 13 Do p312 1, 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 33, 40, 41 2 /36 Observational Studies In an observational study, researchers do not
More informationExperimental Psychology
Title Experimental Psychology Type Individual Document Map Authors Aristea Theodoropoulos, Patricia Sikorski Subject Social Studies Course None Selected Grade(s) 11, 12 Location Roxbury High School Curriculum
More informationPSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL
PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS FOUR BIG IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY WHY DO PSYCHOLOGY ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS
More informationANATOMY OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE
ANATOMY OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE by Joseph E. Muscolino D.C. Introduction As massage therapy enters its place among the professions of complimentary alternative medicine (CAM), the need for research becomes
More informationChapter 1: Exploring Data
Chapter 1: Exploring Data Key Vocabulary:! individual! variable! frequency table! relative frequency table! distribution! pie chart! bar graph! two-way table! marginal distributions! conditional distributions!
More informationVillarreal Rm. 170 Handout (4.3)/(4.4) - 1 Designing Experiments I
Statistics and Probability B Ch. 4 Sample Surveys and Experiments Villarreal Rm. 170 Handout (4.3)/(4.4) - 1 Designing Experiments I Suppose we wanted to investigate if caffeine truly affects ones pulse
More informationChapter 19. Confidence Intervals for Proportions. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19 Confidence Intervals for Proportions Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Standard Error Both of the sampling distributions we ve looked at are Normal. For proportions For means SD pˆ pq n
More informationResearch in the Social Sciences. Saturday, February 3, 18
Research in the Social Sciences All sciences (including social sciences) rely on empirical evidence (information we can verify with our senses Write this Down Common Sense vs. Evidence Poor people are
More informationMathacle. PSet Stats, Concepts In Statistics Level Number Name: Date:
II. DESIGN OF STUDIES Observational studies and experiments are two types of studies that aim to describe or explain the variation of responses under the hypothesized factors, without or with manipulation.
More informationDesigning Psychology Experiments: Data Analysis and Presentation
Data Analysis and Presentation Review of Chapter 4: Designing Experiments Develop Hypothesis (or Hypotheses) from Theory Independent Variable(s) and Dependent Variable(s) Operational Definitions of each
More informationEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
ARTHUR PSYC 204 (EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY) 14A LECTURE NOTES [02/28/14] EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS PAGE 1 Topic #5 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS As a strict technical definition, an experiment is a study
More informationNews English.com Ready-to-use ESL / EFL Lessons
www.breaking News English.com Ready-to-use ESL / EFL Lessons 1,000 IDEAS & ACTIVITIES FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS The Breaking News English.com Resource Book http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/book.html Warmer
More informationStatistics 2. RCBD Review. Agriculture Innovation Program
Statistics 2. RCBD Review 2014. Prepared by Lauren Pincus With input from Mark Bell and Richard Plant Agriculture Innovation Program 1 Table of Contents Questions for review... 3 Answers... 3 Materials
More informationProbability and Statistics Chapter 1 Notes
Probability and Statistics Chapter 1 Notes I Section 1-1 A is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions 1 is information coming from observations,
More informationThe Science of Psychology
The Science of Psychology Module 2 Psychology s Scientific Method Module Objectives Why is Psychology a Science? What is the scientific method? Why should I believe what researchers say? How do Psychologist
More informationGoal: To become familiar with the methods that researchers use to investigate aspects of causation and methods of treatment
Goal: To become familiar with the methods that researchers use to investigate aspects of causation and methods of treatment Scientific Study of Causation and Treatment Methods for studying causation Case
More informationPsychology of Dysfunctional Behaviour RESEARCH METHODS
Psychology of Dysfunctional Behaviour RESEARCH METHODS The history of abnormal psychology shows that theories and treatment procedures may seem effective in some cases but prove useless and even harmful
More informationReflection Questions for Math 58B
Reflection Questions for Math 58B Johanna Hardin Spring 2017 Chapter 1, Section 1 binomial probabilities 1. What is a p-value? 2. What is the difference between a one- and two-sided hypothesis? 3. What
More informationTheory. = an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Definition Slides Hindsight Bias = the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the I knew it all along phenomenon. Critical Thinking = thinking that
More informationSOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PART I. If you've got the truth you can demonstrate it. Talking doesn't prove it. Robert A. Heinlein
SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PART I If you've got the truth you can demonstrate it. Talking doesn't prove it. Robert A. Heinlein THE GOAL OF SCIENCE explain why something happens make generalizations look for
More informationThe RoB 2.0 tool (individually randomized, cross-over trials)
The RoB 2.0 tool (individually randomized, cross-over trials) Study design Randomized parallel group trial Cluster-randomized trial Randomized cross-over or other matched design Specify which outcome is
More informationModule 28 - Estimating a Population Mean (1 of 3)
Module 28 - Estimating a Population Mean (1 of 3) In "Estimating a Population Mean," we focus on how to use a sample mean to estimate a population mean. This is the type of thinking we did in Modules 7
More informationStat 13, Intro. to Statistical Methods for the Life and Health Sciences.
Stat 13, Intro. to Statistical Methods for the Life and Health Sciences. 0. SEs for percentages when testing and for CIs. 1. More about SEs and confidence intervals. 2. Clinton versus Obama and the Bradley
More informationChapter 8 Estimating with Confidence
Chapter 8 Estimating with Confidence Introduction Our goal in many statistical settings is to use a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. In Chapter 4, we learned if we randomly select the
More informationSelecting Research Participants. Conducting Experiments, Survey Construction and Data Collection. Practical Considerations of Research
Conducting Experiments, Survey Construction and Data Collection RCS 6740 6/28/04 Practical Considerations of Research This lecture will focus on some of the practical aspects of conducting research studies
More information2 Critical thinking guidelines
What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory
More informationThe Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA) and Its Implications for Social Science RCTs
The Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA) and Its Implications for Social Science RCTs Alan S. Gerber & Donald P. Green Yale University From Chapter 8 of Field Experimentation: Design, Analysis,
More information9/24/2014 UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS
RESEARCH METHODS UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS 8-10% of AP Exam Case Studies A case study is an in-depth study of one person. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history
More informationBeware of Confounding Variables
Beware of Confounding Variables If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues, what are some confounding variables? The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. A confounding variable
More informationStat 13, Intro. to Statistical Methods for the Life and Health Sciences.
Stat 13, Intro. to Statistical Methods for the Life and Health Sciences. 1. Hand in HW. 2. Causation and prediction. 3. Multiple testing and publication bias. 3. Relationship between CIs and tests. 4.
More informationModule 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
Myers PSYCHOLOGY 8 th Edition in Modules Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions 1 The Need for Psychological Science Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific
More informationLecture 5 Conducting Interviews and Focus Groups
Lecture 5 Conducting Interviews and Focus Groups Talking to participants enables in-depth information about the experiences of health and illness; and of factors that influence health and illness behaviour
More informationCONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*
CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial* Section/Topic Title and abstract Introduction Background and objectives Item No Checklist item 1a Identification as a
More informationReview. Chapter 5. Common Language. Ch 3: samples. Ch 4: real world sample surveys. Experiments, Good and Bad
Review Ch 3: samples Sampling terminology Proportions Margin of error Ch 4: real world sample surveys Questions to ask about a study Errors in sample surveys Concerns about survey questions Probability
More informationChapter 9. Producing Data: Experiments. BPS - 5th Ed. Chapter 9 1
Chapter 9 Producing Data: Experiments BPS - 5th Ed. Chapter 9 1 Experiment versus Observational Study Both typically have the goal of detecting a relationship between the explanatory and response variables.
More informationCritical Appraisal of Evidence A Focus on Intervention/Treatment Studies
Critical Appraisal of Evidence A Focus on Intervention/Treatment Studies Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, CPNP/PMHNP, FAANP, FAAN Associate Vice President for Health Promotion University Chief Wellness
More informationObjectives. Quantifying the quality of hypothesis tests. Type I and II errors. Power of a test. Cautions about significance tests
Objectives Quantifying the quality of hypothesis tests Type I and II errors Power of a test Cautions about significance tests Designing Experiments based on power Evaluating a testing procedure The testing
More informationThe following are questions that students had difficulty with on the first three exams.
The following are questions that students had difficulty with on the first three exams. Exam 1 1. A measure has construct validity if it: a) really measures what it is supposed to measure b) appears, on
More informationLecture 4: Research Approaches
Lecture 4: Research Approaches Lecture Objectives Theories in research Research design approaches ú Experimental vs. non-experimental ú Cross-sectional and longitudinal ú Descriptive approaches How to
More informationEvidence Informed Practice Online Learning Module Glossary
Term Abstract Associations Attrition Bias Background and Significance Baseline Basic Science Bias Blinding Definition An abstract is a summary of a research article. It usually includes the purpose, methods,
More information