Emotions and Motivation

Transcription

1 Emotions and Motivation LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions What Are Emotions? Emotions Vary in Valence and Arousal Emotions Have a Physiological Component What to Believe? Using Psychological Reasoning Confirmation Bias: Are Lie Detector Tests Valid? There Are Three Major Theories of Emotion Using Psychology In Your Life How Can I Control My Emotions? 10.2 How Are Emotions Adaptive? Emotions Serve Cognitive Functions Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion Display Rules Differ across Cultures and Between Sexes Emotions Strengthen Interpersonal Relations 10.3 How Are People Motivated? Drives Motivate the Satisfaction of Need People Are Motivated by Incentives People Set Goals to Achieve People Have a Need to Belong 10.4 What Motivates Eating? Many Physiological Factors Influence Eating Eating Is Influenced by Time and Taste Culture Plays a Role 10.5 What Motivates Sexual Behavior? Biology Influences Sexual Behavior Cultural Scripts and Cultural Rules Shape Sexual Interactions People Differ in Our Sexual Orientations

2 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 2 Emotions An emotion is an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts (p. 405). Emotions (affect) refers to feelings that involve subjective evaluations, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs. These aspects are generally stronger in emotional responses than with moods. The duration of emotions tend to be shorter than moods. Emotions are described as a positive or negative valence (feeling) (x-axis) that is associated with a particular pattern of arousal physiological activation or increased autonomic response (y-axis) (page 405). Positive activation are generally associated with increased levels of dopamine (p. 405). Negative activation states are generally associated with increases in norepinepherine (p. 405).

3 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 3 What Functions do Emotions Serve? There tend to be several basic emotions. The exact number is debated. Your book considers six, maybe seven basic emotions (contempt for the 7 th ) (page 405). Other emotions are learned and some combination of the basic emotions. It is believed that emotions motivate us toward an action (eating, sex, creativity, etc.), and/or a basic way to communicate internal states and feelings without language (I m afraid, I m happy, etc).

4 Emotional Expression LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 4 Identify the basic emotions that are being expressed:

5 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 5 Emotional Expression Emotional Expression is an observable sign of an emotional state. Emotions can be inferred from the way we talk (intonation, inflection, loudness and duration), gaze, gait, posture and a person s touch and most importantly, facial expressions. We have 43 muscles that are capable of creating more than 10,000 unique configurations. It appears that there is generally some universality of emotional expressions. People who are born blind, have quite similar emotional expressions for the basic emotions People are quite accurate at judging the emotional expressions of others, even across cultures.

6 Emotional Expression LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 6 Facial displays of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise appear to be universal across cultures.

7 Display Rules LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 7 Display rules are the norms for the control of emotional expression. Men and women tend to have similar experiences of emotions, however, there are cultural display rules of emotional expression. In one study comparing Japanese and American students, they watched an unpleasant film of car accidents and amputations. o When students did not know that the experimenters were observing them, Japanese and American students had similar emotional expressions of disgust. o However, when they realized they were being observed, Japanese students did not display disgust. In many Asian societies, there is a strong cultural norm against displaying negative emotions in the presence of a respected person. The fact that different cultures have different display rules may help explain why people are better are recognizing facial expressions from people within their own culture (page 383)

8 Display Rules LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 8 In another study of differences in display rules of emotional expression, men and women watched an emotional film. o When men and women were aware that they were being observed, both men and women had similar physiological response, but the women tended to be more emotionally expressive o When men and women were unaware that they were being observed, both men and women had similar physiological responses AND both had similar emotional expressions. In American culture, men are not suppose to show emotions.

9 The Emotional Brain LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 9 The limbic system is involved with a variety of emotions. When electrodes were placed in the brain of a rat, stimulation of the limbic system was associated with pleasure. Patients with damage to the amygdala were able to recognize facial expressions of happiness, sadness and surprise like those without damage to the amygdale. However, recognition of anger, disgust and fear was impaired. The primary job of the amygdala is to evaluate the emotional relevant aspects of a stimulus such as fear and alarm (see description of the monkeys where the amygdala was inhibited or not).

10 Emotions and Decision Making LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 10 We tend to think of emotions interfering with our decisionmaking processes. They do. However, emotions can help us make decisions in ambiguous situations. As described in your textbook (page ), Elliot had a brain tumor (left picture for a similar patient) removed, but he was no longer able to experience emotions. Unlike the Vulcan Spock, emotions can help us avoid bad decisions. Elliot appeared did not express sadness, impatience or frustration, nor any emotional expression from disturbing images injured bodies. He made many bad decisions because he couldn t feel any negative emotions that made him avoid bad situations (bad gambling decisions, bad business decisions, the effect his behavior had on others, etc.)

11 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 11 The Emotional Brain: Experience of Fear We can have two simultaneous emotional reactions to an event that travel different pathways in the brain. The route through the cerebral cortex may be more conscious, deliberate and slower. The pathway directly to the amygdala may be less conscious, automatic and faster. There are two routes to emotion Sensory input Thalamus, Amygdala (12 ms) This pathway is fast, but provides little detail about the stimulus (think lo-res images) Sensory input Thalamus, Cortex (appraises the visual stimulus), Amygdala (19 ms) This pathway is slower, but provides more accurate details about the stimulus (think hi-res images)

12 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 12 Emotions have a Physiological Component The James-Lange Theory says that bodily perception of physiological changes occur before the emotional response.

13 LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 13 Physiological Change with Different Emotions

14 Body Maps of Emotions LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 14 Psychological Science, Fifth Edition Copyright 2015 W. W. Norton & Company

15 Facial Feedback Hypothesis LP 8A emotions, theories of emotions 15 According to the facial feedback hypothesis, a person s facial expression triggers an emotional response. When you mimic a smile, people reported cartoons being funnier than those who mimicked a frown.