II. Common Characteristics. Focus on average behavior Less concerned with underlying mechanisms Less to say about personality change

Transcription

1 Trait Approach I. Introduction II. Common Characteristics III. Gordon Allport IV. Henry Murray V. Raymond Cattell VI. The Big Five Model VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex VIII.Modern Applications of the Trait Approach IX. Criticisms & Limitations X. Strengths

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3 I. Introduction

4 II. Common Characteristics Focus on average behavior Less concerned with underlying mechanisms Less to say about personality change

5 III. Gordon Allport Nomothetic versus ideographic approaches to personality Central traits Secondary traits Cardinal traits The proprium

6 IV. Henry Murray Personology Psychogenic needs Some examples: Achievement Affiliation Dominance Nurturance Play

7 V. Raymond Cattell Factor analysis The 16 Personality Factor Inventory

8 Factor Contrast Warmth Cold, selfish Supportive, comforting Intellect Instinctive, unstable Cerebral, analytical Emotional Stability Irritable, moody Level headed, calm Aggressiveness Modest, docile Controlling, tough Liveliness Somber, restrained Wild, fun-loving Dutifulness Untraditional, rebellious Conforming, traditional Social Assertiveness Shy, withdrawn Uninhibited, bold Sensitivity Coarse, tough Touchy, soft Paranoia Trusting, easy-going Wary, suspicious Abstractness Practical, regular Strange, imaginative Introversion Open friendly Private, quiet Anxiety Confident, self-assured Fearful, self-doubting Open-mindedness Set-in-one s-ways Curious, exploratory Independence Outgoing, social Loner, craves solitude Perfectionism Disorganized, messy Orderly, thorough Tension Relaxed, cool Stressed, unsatisfied

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10 VI. The Big Five Approach Trait Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional Stability Down to earth Conventional, uncreative Prefer routine Lazy Aimless Quitting Reserved Loner Quiet Antagonistic Ruthless Suspicious Calm Even tempered Hardy Contrast Imaginative Original, creative Prefer variety Hardworking Ambitious Persevering Affectionate Joiner Talkative Acquiescent Softhearted Trusting Worrying Temperamental Vulnerable

11 VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex

12 Sample Scatter Plot

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14 Correlation Matrix Trait Forceful Assertive Meek Timid Kind Agreeable Cold Cruel 1.00

15 Interpersonal Dimensions Forceful Assertive Dominant Cold Hostile Friendly Cruel Kind Agreeable Submissive Meek Timid

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19 Laws of Complementarity Dominance pulls submission Submission pulls dominance Friendliness pulls friendliness Hostility pulls hostility

20 Interpersonal Circumplex Types Hostile-Submissive Types: Rebellious Distrustful Personality Self-effacing Masochistic Personality Friendly-Submissive Types Docile Dependent Personality Cooperative Overconventional Personality

21 Interpersonal Circumplex Types Friendly-Dominant Types: Responsible Hypernormal Personality Managerial Autocratic Personality Hostile-Dominant Types Competitive Narcissistic Personality Aggressive Sadistic Personality

22 VIII. Modern Applications of the Trait Approach Type A Behavior The MMPI

23 MMPI Example of an empirically derived test Questions earn their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc )

24 Simulated MMPI Items

25 Simulated MMPI Items

26 MMPI Clinical Scales

27 MMPI Clinical Scales

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30 IX. Criticisms & Limitations

31 X. Strengths

32 The Biological Perspective I. Introduction II. Genetic Factors in Personality III. Eysenck s Theory of Personality IV. Temperament V. Cerebral Activation Patterns VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory

33 I. Introduction

34 II. Genetic Factors in Personality

35 Trait Genetic (Heritability) Familial Environment Non-shared Environment Well-being Social Potency Achievement Social Closeness Stress Reaction Alienation Aggression Control Harm Avoidance Traditionalism Absorption Positive Emotionality Negative Emotionality Constraint (Tellegen et al., 1988)

36 III. Eysenck s Theory of Personality

37 Eysenck s Supertraits or Types Extraversion Neuroticism Psychoticism

38 Eysenck s Hierarchical Model Extraversion Sociability Impulsiveness Activity Liveliness Excitability HR 1 HR 2 HR 3 SR 1 SR 2 SR 3 SR 4.

39 Eysenck s Two-Factor Model

40 Extraversion & Mood Positive Mood Score Introverts Extraverts Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun

41 IV. Temperament

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43 Buss & Plomin s Temperament Factors Activity Vigor, tempo Emotionality Fear, anger, distress Sociability Attention of others, share activities, interaction (Impulsivity)

44 Temperament and Genetics Degree of Correlation Identical Twins Fraternal Twins Emotionality Activity Sociability -0.2

45 V. Cerebral Activation Patterns

46 VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory

47 What if Charles Darwin had been a psychologist? So, tell me about your mother

48 The Humanistic Approach I. Introduction II. The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers III. Modern Humanistic Concepts

49 I. Introduction

50 Roots of the Humanistic Movement Existential philosophy The ideas of Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

51 Common Characteristics of Humanistic Theories An emphasis on personal responsibility Here and now focus Phenomenology Growth

52 II. The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers

53 Rogers Fully-Functioning Person Trust their feelings/intuitions Experience feelings intensely & deeply Accept and express all feelings Less likely to conform to social roles Present focused Honest & open Open to and learn from experience Constantly developing & growing Oriented towards fully living life Show care and concern for others Creative

54 Key Definitions Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.) Self-Esteem: One s feelings of high or low selfworth (How do you feel about your selfconcept?)

55 Basic Needs Self-consistency: The absence of major conflict between self-perceptions Congruence: Consistency between selfperceptions and experience

56 Anxiety & Defense Subception: the unconscious perception of incongruence Triggers defenses of distortion & denial

57 Incongruence Self-Concept Experience

58 Congruence & the Fully Functioning Person Self-Concept Experience

59 Conditional & Unconditional Positive Additional needs: Positive regard Positive self-regard Regard Conditional positive regard from parents creates conditions of worth

60 Conditions of Worth Personal standards that dictate when a person can feel OK about him/herself.

61 Sample Q-Sort Statements I am optimistic. I often feel guilty. I am intelligent. I express my emotions freely. I understand myself. I am lazy. I am generally happy. I am moody. I am ambitious I am an impulsive person. I get anxious easily. I make strong demands on myself. I get along easily with others. I often feel driven. I am self-reliant. I am responsible for my troubles.

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63 The Q-Sort & Psychotherapeutic Change

64 III. Modern Humanistic Concepts

65 Self-Esteem & Failure (Brockner et al., 1987) Grade on Second Test Did Well on First Test Did Poorly on First Test High Self-Esteem Low Self-Esteem

66 Social Attribute Ratings & Self-Esteem (Brown & Smart, 1991) Rating of Social Attributes Success Failure 0 High Self-Esteem Low Self-Esteem

67 Do you want to compare your exam to another student s? Told this student did High Self-esteem Low worse than you. Sure! Why Not. better than you. Let s do it. NO WAY!

68 Self-Esteem & Western Culture Exposure in Asian-Canadians (APA, 1999) 3rd Generation 2nd Generation Long-Term Immigrants Recent Immigrants Been Abroad Never Been Abroad Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Score