DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING

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1 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION B Sc Counselling Psychology (2011 Admission Onwards) VI Semester Core Course DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING QUESTION BANK 1. The ego s need for immediate gratification is known as the. a) Pleasure principle b) Defense mechanism c) Anxiety d) Introversion 2. of behaviour is accomplished by rewarding successive approximations of the desired behaviour. a) Shaping b) Modeling c) Counter conditioning d) Token economy 3. An individual who has achieved is happy, autonomous, and creative. a) Constructive alternativism b) Libido c) Self-actualization d) Reinforcement 4. According to Rogers, from parents is necessary for children to develop healthy self- concepts. a) Self-actualization b) Contextual world view c) Unconditional positive regard d) Consequences Different Approaches to Counselling Page 1

2 5. A method of learning that involves the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses is a) Counter conditioning b) Extinction c) Modeling d) Classical conditioning 6. In behaviour modification, use continuous. a) Shaping b) Consequences c) Extinction d) Reinforcement 7. Freud believed that human behaviour is primarily motivated by the psychosexual energy he called. a) Ego b) Libido c) Commitment d) None 8. The unpleasantness of motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure. a) Life space b) Cognitive dissonance c) Self-actualization d) Traits 9. A counselor might use systematic desensitization to help reduce the experienced by an agoraphobic client. a) Anxiety b) Depression c) Psychosis d) Mania 10. In Jung s theory, is the tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance a) Introversion b) Extraversion c) Extinction d) Shaping 11. Behaviour modification programs in schools or group homes often use to motivate participants. a) Shaping b) Token economy c) Modeling d) Conditioning 12. Through undesirable behaviour may be eliminated. a) Counter conditioning b) Extinction c) Modeling d) Reinforcement MATCH THE FOLLOWING: A 13. Adler a) Vicarious conditioning 14. Allport b) Stage theory of development 15. Bandura c) Use of family constellation 16. Cattell d) Traits and values 17. Erickson e) 16 personality factor 18. Festinger f) Id, Ego, Superego 19. Freud g) Introversion - Extroversion B Different Approaches to Counselling Page 2

3 20. Jung h) Cognitive dissonance 21. Social learning theory uses the concept of modeling to explain some aspect of human behavior. The concept that best explains how modeling works within this theory is a) Primary reinforcement b) Secondary reinforcement c) Vicarious reinforcement d) Intermittent reinforcement 22. Counselors who follow Maslow s theory believe people s behaviors are directed by a) Oral gratification b) Pleasure principle c) Pleasing others d)need gratification 23. Motivation and reinforcement may come from within a person or from sources external to the person. According to Rotter, people s behaviour is determined by their belief that reinforcements are either internally or externally controlled. This concept is called a) Locus of control b) Reinforcement contingency c) Goal orientation d) Expectancy level 24. A client who reverts to old behaviour patterns is said to be a) Projecting b) Compensating c) Actualizing d) regressing 25. As a counselor in a community mental health centre, you receive a pay check every other Friday. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a) Variable interval b) Fixed interval c) Variable ratio d) Fixed ratio 26. Jung s work forms the basis for many personality concepts of interest today. Among these are a) Introversion-extroversion b) Collective unconscious c) Individuation d) All the above 27. In adult development, mid-life is characterized by a) Androgyny b) Decline in intellectual functioning c) A sense of time running out d) Peer pressure 28. Piaget identifies four major stages of child development. Which of the following refers to the period during which the child develops the abilities to classify and seriate objects and to maintain relationships between objects despite their physical manipulation? a) Formal operations b) Concrete operations c) Preoperational d) Sesorimotor 29. Which of the following describes Roger s view of humanity? a) People are rational b) People are irresponsible c)people are inherently good. d) People are externally controlled Different Approaches to Counselling Page 3

4 30. According to Kohlberg s theory of moral development, a. Most fail to go beyond the conventional level b. Moral development precedes logical development c. Structure and content are synonymous d. Society s rules are superior to personal ethics 31. Festinger is known for the concept of cognitive dissonance, He believes individuals a. Cannot accept differences of opinion b. Tend to change their attitudes irrationally c. Seek consistency in cognitive structure d. Reject discrepancies between the real and ideal 32. The first theorist to acknowledge continued development during adulthood was a. Jung b. Adler c. Piaget d. Loevinger 33. A childhood disturbance characterized, by withdrawal, a blurred sense of self, and obsessive self-stimulation (head banging, rocking, and so on) is known as a. Infantile dementia b. Hyperkinesis c. Retardation d. Autism 34. According to Adler s theory of individual psychology, when an individual s real self and self-ideal do not match, a. The reality principle becomes evident b. The individual will seek ego gratification c. The preconventional level has been reached d. Feeling of inferiority arise 35. As a new counselor in a community mental health center, you have been assigned to a client whose diagnosis is anorexia nervosa. You would expect the client to be a. Male rather than female b. Middle-aged rather than adolescent c. Extroverted rather than introverted d. None of the above 36. Two theorists who believe human beings are motivated by needs are a. Adler and Allport b. Maslow and Rogers c. Murray and Maslow d. Moreno and Murray 37. When working with clients, counselors need to be aware of defense mechanisms. Clients who refuse to take responsibility for their own actions or situations often attribute their unacceptable desires or impulses to others. This is an example of a. Regression b. Projection Different Approaches to Counselling Page 4

5 c. Repression d. protection 38. The term cardinal trait, used by Allport in his personality theory, means a. A dominant characteristic of the individual b. A :red flag for counselors c. A highly developed value system d. One of five or ten characteristics that best describe an individual 39. A counselor whose methods are based on learning theory approaches treatment a. With an emphasis on rational thinking b. By focusing on emotional content c. From a behvaioural standpoint d. In a holistic manner 40. Lewin theorizes that an individual s behaviour is a function of the personal and his or her psychological environment, or life space. This approach to human development may be called a. Psychosocialogical b. Phenomenological c. Rational-emotive d. Cognitive-behavioural 41. may be either basic, additive, or subtractive. a) Positive regard b) Attending c) Consultation d) Empathy 42. Counselors who consistently behave in accordance with their own values and perceptions are exhibiting the trait called. a) Empathy b) Transference c) Intimacy d) Genuineness 43. Counselors who fear rejection or fear closeness and affection may have difficulty developing in the helping relationship. a) Attending b) Intimacy c) Transference d) Positive regard 44. The approach used by -is very effective for treating depression. a) Adler b) Beck c) Freud d) Jung 45. When a client directs toward the counselor feelings that were once attached to a significant other, takes place. a) Reflection b) Libido c) Transference d) Trustworthiness 46. The holds that individual are essentially good in nature, with a tendency toward growth and productivity. Different Approaches to Counselling Page 5

6 a) Humanistic b) Behavioristic c) Client-centered view d) Neo-freudian 47. Counselors who keep confidentiality and who are reliable and dependable slowly develop. a) Trustworthiness b) Transference c) Gestalt d) Reflection 48. Glasser s Reality Therapy focuses on a. Cognitions b. Being c. Actualization d. Identity 49. Systematic desensitization is a technique whereby a client resolves irrational fears through gradual exposure to the fear-producing stimulus. It was first developed as a therapy technique by a. Rogers b. Wolpe c. Freud d. Bandura 50. Counselors need to pat attention not only to verbal nut also to nonverbal behaviour. They need to be aware that nonverbal a. Represent the client s rational state b. Accent and/or contradict verbals c. Are identical across cultures d. Are valid only when they support verbals 51. Carkhuff has developed scaled for measuring the core conditions for effective counseling. Which of the following is not one of the core conditions? a. Empathy b. Respect c. Insight d. Genuineness 52. Particular counseling activities are usually associated with their primary proponents. For example, psychodrama is to Moreno as hot seat is to a. Freud b. Glasser c. Adler d. Perls 53. Some counseling techniques are appropriate for individual counseling, while others apply more to group counseling. Which of the following counselor skills applied to individual as well as group counseling? a. Summarizing b. Consensus taking c. Moderating d. Linking 54. The counseling profession is based upon some general philosophical propositions. Which of these is not one of them? a. Counseling aims to promote human growth and development b. Counseling considers physical as well as psychosocial environment. c. Counseling facilitates person-environment fit. Different Approaches to Counselling Page 6

7 d. Counseling is a clearly defined helping relationship. 55. Which counselor intervention most closely follows client verbalizations? a. Reflection of feeling b. Confrontation c. Restatement of content d. Positive regard 56. Which of these is not one of the core elements of the helping relationship? a. Psychodynamics b. Theory c. Social influence d. Human relations 57. Maslow believes that individuals are unable to reach self-actualization until they a. Face reality b. Identify irrational beliefs c. Satisfy lower order needs d. Resolve transference issues 58. Counselors who choose their approach and techniques according to the needs and capacity of each individual client are said to be a. Humanistic b. Affective c. Cognitive d. Eclectic 59. The mediator is an important dimension of which type of consultation? a. Mental health b. Triadic c. Process d. Behavioural 60. When a counselor s response includes congruent ideas and feelings from another frame of reference to facilitate client exploration, Ivey would say the counselor is using a. Basic empathy b. Reflection of meaning c. Additive empathy d. Skill integration 61. Empty chair is a group technique used by which type of group counselor? a. Gestalt b. Behavioural c. Transactional analysis d. Adlerian 62. Johari s window is a technique used to indicate differences in. a. Cohesion b. Orientation c. Openness d. Behaviour 63. Which type of group counselor views people as basically positive and moving toward actualization? a. Behavioural b. Group centered c. Adlerian d. Psychoanalytic Different Approaches to Counselling Page 7

8 64. Oral or written behavioural agreements in groups counseling are referred to as a. Trust b. Issue c. Contracts d. Conclusions 65. Brainstorming is a process used by groups for problem solving. Which of these is not a characteristic of brain storming? a. There is a time limit b. Ideas are critically evaluated c. Quantity of ideas is foremost d. Creativity overrides practicality 66. In rational-emotive and cognitive- behavioural therapy groups the focus is more on thoughts than on feelings. These techniques help people become aware of their a. Self-denial b. Defenses c. Self-talk d. Depression 67. Self-disclosure involves a. war stories b. Sharing self-knowledge with the group c. Dumping negative feelings on the group d. letting it all hang out 68. When a group member projects feelings deriving from past relationship onto the therapist, it is called a. Counter transference b. Transference c. Reframing d. Confrontation 69. Confidentiality may be breached by a counselor a. When ordered by the court b. When a member is no longer part of the group c. To the parents or spouse of the group members d. Under no circumstances 70. Role playing is an effective technique used in group counselling. Which of the following is not a benefit of role playing? a. Practicing new skills b. Identifying effective and in effective behaviors c. Escaping from being oneself d. Preparing for real-life situations Different Approaches to Counselling Page 8

9 ANSWER KEY 1 A 11 B 21 C 31 C 41 D 51 C 61 A 2 A 12 B 22 D 32 A 42 D 52 D 62 C 3 C 13 C 23 A 33 B 43 B 53 A 63 B 4 C 14 D 24 D 34 D 44 B 54 D 64 C 5 D 15 A 25 B 35 D 45 C 55 C 65 A 6 D 16 E 26 D 36 C 46 C 56 A 66 C 7 B 17 B 27 C 37 B 47 A 57 C 67 B 8 B 18 H 28 B 38 A 48 D 58 D 68 B 9 A 19 F 29 C 39 C 49 B 59 B 69 A 10 A 20 G 30 A 40 B 50 B 60 C 70 C (c) Reserved Different Approaches to Counselling Page 9

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