Personality: A person s unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotion, and behavior; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become

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2 Personality: A person s unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotion, and behavior; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; desirable or undesirable qualities Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and distractibility

3 Please read article on page 391: The Amazing Twins What are three conclusions you can make after reading the article?

4 Self-concept: Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are. Like your mental picture or your perception of your personality traits You have two minutes. Describe yourself in 5 sentences. Self-esteem: An evaluation of oneself. Regarding oneself as a worthwile person What are the most important factors in the development of self esteem?

5 Individualism- giving priority to one s own goals over groups goals. Defining one s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group attributes Collectivism- giving priority to the goals of one group over your own. Your identity is formed based on the group over the individual Please read Hotshot or team player on page 393 Is our culture a nations of hot shots? Please record one specific quotes that you feel best summarizes your opinion.

6 Personality theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality Includes five perspectives:

7 Trait Theories- Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior Think of Allport and Cattell

8 Social Cognitive Perspective-Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people s traits (including their thinking) and their social context. We learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing others and modeling our behaviors after theirs

9 Psychodynamic Theories-Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles Think of Freud

10 Behavioristic and Social Learning Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes Think of Skinner and Bandura

11 Humanistic Theories Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth Think of Rogers and Maslow

12 Trait Theories

13 Introvert: Shy, reserved, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

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16 Common traits: Characteristics shared by most members of a culture. Ex: Americans are competitive Individual traits: Define a person s unique personal qualities Ex: funny, neurotic, non competitive Cardinal traits: So basic that all of a person s activities can be traced back to the trait (usually only one or two) Ex: Honesty for Abe Lincoln Central traits: Core qualities of a personality. These are very important but not as important as Cardinal traits (usually have around six) Secondary traits: Inconsistent or superficial aspects of a person (e.g., musical tastes)

17 Trait (Person)-situation interactions: When external circumstances influence the expression of personality traits Our traits are fluid and can change Think back to the difference between the traits described by Gordon Allport

18 Surface traits: Features that make up the visible features of personality Source traits: Underlying characteristics of a personality Trait profile: Graph of the scores on several personality traits

19 We assess traits by personality inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)- Classic personality inventory MMPI- assessed abnormal personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits The items were empirically derived and grouped the questions in 10 clinical scales such as depressive tendencies, introversion vs. extroversion Variations of test are given today as employment screening

20 These traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation. Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness to experience

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22 Social Cognitive Perspective

23 Social Cognitive Perspective: Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people s traits (including their thinking) and their social context. We learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing others and modeling our behaviors after theirs

24 Reciprocal Determinism- the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment For example: Children s TV viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal factors), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior.

25 Personal Control- the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helplessness. Internal Locus of Control- the perception that you control your own fate. You control your own destiny External Locus of Control- the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control your fate. Positive correlation between control and happiness Optimism vs. Pessimism also plays a role in happiness

26 Self- the organizer: of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. The center of our personality Possible Selves- include the visions of the person you want to be and the person you may be afraid to be. Spot Light Effect- overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (the spotlight shines on you)

27 Self- Serving Bias- our readiness to perceive oneself favorably We accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures Most people see themselves as better than average

28 Psychoanalysis

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30 Freud was a Viennese physician who thought his patients problems were more emotional than physical Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually switched to psychoanalysis Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to name a few Freud used cocaine and tobacco and died from oral cancer More than 100 years later, his work is still influential and very controversial

31 Psyche: Freud s term for the personality; contains id, ego, and superego Libido: Energy Eros: Life instinct Thanatos: Death instinct Remember everything we learn according to Freud lies with in our subconscious: Tip of the iceberg analogy

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34 ID- Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving, irrational, and totally unconscious Works via pleasure principle: Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences Driven by libido or sexual energy flows from life instincts or eros Also driven by death instincts (thanatos) that produces aggressive and destructive urges The Id can t act by itself!!!!!

35 Super Ego- Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego: Like your internal parent guilt comes from the superego because the super ego has unrealistic expectations Two parts Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has been punished Ego ideal: Reflects behavior one s parents approved of or rewarded Just like the Id the Superego cannot do anything on its own!!

36 Ego- Executive; directs id energies and listens to super ego Partially conscious and partially unconscious Works via reality principle: Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate It is the decision making center and has to listen to both the id and the superego Usually comes up with some sort of compromise

37 Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between superego s desires for moral behavior and the id s desires for immediate gratification Neurotic anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely control Moral anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superego

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40 Oral Stage- Ages 0 1. Most of infants pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop Oral dependent personality: Gullible, passive, and need lots of attention. Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who like to argue and exploit others

41 Anal Stage- Ages 1 3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops. Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child: Anal retentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean Anal expulsive: Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel

42 Phallic Stage- Ages 3 6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent Adult traits: Vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive pride, and narcissism The Oedipus and Electra complex occurs (see next slide)

43 Oedipus Conflict- For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother s affection. Boy feels threatened by father (castration anxiety). To resolve, boy must identify with his father (i.e., become more like him and adopt his heterosexual beliefs) Boy then forms a conscience

44 Electra Complex- Girl loves her father and competes with her mother. Girl identifies with her mother more slowly because she already feels castrated

45 Latency Stage- Occurs from 6- puberty Freud believed your sexual feelings became dormant Not much development occurs at all even though this is the beginning of your school years!!!!!

46 Occurs from puberty and on (I know that seems like a pretty big range) If earlier stages were completed successfully the person is now capable to have a healthy relationship both emotionally and eventually physically Freud believed that at any point during the oral, anal, phallic stage a strong conflict could lock or fixate their pleasure seeking energies into adulthood. Think about oral fixation stemming from oral stage and an adult smoking or just imagine how many screwed up things could happen to you during the conflicts that could occur during the phallic stage

47 Both Oedipus and Electra conflicts are rejected today by many psychologists However, do you still think there is some truth is daddy s little girl or a momma s boy that Freud confused with sexual attraction? Very sexist. Freud viewed women as inferior and actually referred to them as merely castrated men

48 Latency period having no development is ridiculous Over emphasis on sexuality Gave false memories of his patients being abused or raped Impossible to test scientifically Silver lining- Freud was right that personality developed at such an early age (anal stage)

49 Defense Mechanisms- the ego protects itself and naturally wants to reduce anxiety There are eight major defense mechanisms They all have one thing in common: They ALL reduce anxiety!!!!! According to Freud they all occur self consciously but common sense would suggest that some occur consciously but some are obviously unconscious. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the following defense mechanisms.

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51 Repression- banishes anxiety- arousing wishes from consciousness You accept then forget Done because the memory may be too painful to remember (child abuse) or Freud would say we would forget our phallic stage Sometimes repression isn t complete and comes out during dreams or in slip of the tongue or Freudian Slip. You say one thing be mean amother.

52 Regression- allows us to retreat to an earlier stage of development You find an early stage of life that you feel is more comfortable and reduces anxiety Example: sucking your thumb as a teenager.. Or a middle aged man acting like a twenty year old again (Think Affliction)

53 Reaction Formation- the ego unconsciously makes and unacceptable impulse into the opposite. Example: You resent having to spend time with your child instead of going to the game so you shower your child with love instead

54 Projection- Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Example: You are more likely to be suspicious of somebody else if you are the one who is unfaithful

55 Rationalization- occurs when we unconsciously generate self- justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions Keep in mind our actions have to produce anxiety and then we make excuses up We do this one pretty frequently.

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57 Displacement- diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feeling Are you really upset with that door you punched or is it somebody else? hmmm

58 Sublimation- that transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations. This is the only defense mechanism you can argue is healthy Example: I am just so mad I am going to work out or write a really bad love song

59 Denial- protects the person from real events that are painful to accept Refuse to accept that it ever happened Very dangerous form of a defense mechanism Used in very extreme situations (death, abuse, etc) In case of emergency break glass philosophy

60 Accepted broad aspects of Freud s theory but revised parts of it

61 Disagreed with Freud s emphasis on unconscious and on importance of sexuality Striving for superiority: Basic drive to help us towards perfection. Our feelings of inferiority is the main cause of our personality Compensation: Any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority (effects our personality) Creative self: Humans create their personalities through choices and experiences

62 Can one ever be happy if they will always feel inferior? Can you ever actually feel superior? Is the world set up in a way to promote different levels of power? How would this be useful in therapy?

63 Resisted Freud s biological and instinctive ideas and sexist beliefs. Even believed that men have womb envy Anxiety is part of life and ones reaction to anxiety is essential in understanding the psyche Basic anxiety: Anxiety that occurs from living in a hostile world which often times are rooted in childhood

64 Three ways to deal with anxiety Move towards it Move away Move against- fight and attack others Your reactions help understand your personality and your emotional health There needs to be a balance between all three

65 Do you agree that her views on anxiety have such a major impact on one s personality? How much emphasis should one s level of anxiety have on therapy? Would this be useful in therapy?

66 Persona: Mask or public self presented to others to fit into others roles and hide our true feelings Agreed there was some influence on the subconscious but not that all personality was held there Personal unconscious: Individual s own experiences are stored in here The contents are unique to each individual Collective unconscious: Unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans Archetypes: Universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious (birth, death, good, evil)

67 Anima: Archetype representing an unconscious idealized image of a woman Develops through real experience with women and through the experience men have shared with women throughout history Animus: same thing but reverse it to women to men Possessing both makes us relate to the opposite sex and become androgynous Self archetype: Represents unity, completion, and balance Can be achieved when there is a balance between the conscious and unconscious and the anima and animus

68 What parts of his theory do you most agree with and most disagree with? Do you feel that we all have persona s and the goal of a psychologist is to determine what those are? Do you believe in a collective unconscious or is it just to Freudian for you?

69 Humanism- Approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals Human nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of humans Free choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces

70 Subjective Experience- Private perceptions of reality To understand behavior, we must learn how a person subjectively views the world What is real for each person?

71 Self-actualization: Process of fully developing personal potentials A hierarchy of needs have to be met in order to be self actualized

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73 Efficient perceptions of reality Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature Spontaneity Task centering Autonomy See chart on page 409 for more characteristics

74 Continued freshness of appreciation Fellowship with humanity Profound interpersonal relationships Comfort with solitude Non-hostile sense of humor Peak experiences

75 Fully functioning person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest feelings and impulses Self: Flexible and changing perception of one s identity Self-image: Total subjective perception of your body and personality Incongruence: Exists when there is a discrepancy between one s experiences and self-image Ideal self: Idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be)

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77 Possible self: Collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become Conditions of worth: Internal standards of evaluation based on positive or negative evaluations by others

78 Positive self-regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person. For this to happen your experiences must match your internal conditions of worth Unconditional positive regard: Unshakable love and approval given by others. You are prized for being yourself without any conditions or strings attached a mothers love

79 So far we have learned about the following psychologists/school of psychology 1. Psychodynamics- Freud 2. Trait Theorist- Allport and Cattell 3. Neo Freudians- Jung, Horney, Adler 4. Humanism- Maslow and Rogers 5. Social Cognitive Psychology- no names

80 Person X is a forty year old male that is coming in for drug and alcohol addiction. Person X has currently lost their job due to their addiction and for not being able to control his anger. Person X has been divorced three separate times and is currently single. Two of Person X s ex wives currently have restraining orders against him. Person X is a product of a divorced family and his father left the family at age nine. His mother dated many men but never remarried. From that point on Person X has had no interaction with his father. Person X also has a juvenile record for drug dealing, theft and robbery. Remember person X Case Study:

81 We are going to analyze person X based on the different psychologists/ school of psychology we have learned. We will now see how the same person can be analyzed so differently depending on what psychologist and school of psychology being applied. Please use the space provided in the following slides to add to your notes

82 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

83 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

84 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

85 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

86 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

87 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

88 What are two concepts that would explain his behavior? Concept One: Concept Two: What are two analysis statements that could be made based on the above concepts? Statement One: Statement Two:

89 How is personality measured? Psychologists use interviews, observations, questionnaires, and projective tests

90 Projective Tests- Psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli; person needs to describe the stimuli or make up stories about them

91 Rorschach- Developed by Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach; contains 10 standardized inkblots (the inkblot test)

92 TAT- Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist; projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and white cards) of various situations; people must make up stories about the drawings

93 For each inkblot please put down your first interpretation.

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100 For each TAT- Please write out a five line explanation that details what is specifically occurring.

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104 Free association- words are said without thought and the corresponding word builds on the previous words Subconscious thoughts then come to the surface Let s try it out..

105 Unstructured interview: Conversation is informal, and topics are discussed as they arise Structured interview: Follows a prearranged plan, using a series of planned questions

106 Halo effect: Tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality (make a good first impression) Transference and counter transference

107 Assessing behavior through direct surveillance Example: Observing a disturbed child when they interact with other children

108 Behavioral assessment: Recording the frequency of specific behaviors Situational test: Real-life situations are simulated so that someone s spontaneous reactions can be observed and recorded

109 Paper-and-pencil measure consisting of questions that reveal personality aspects Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Widely used objective personality questionnaire

110 Reliability: Does a test give close to the same score each time it is given to the same person?

111 Validity- Does the test measure what it claims to measure?