In addition to helping clients with their goals, action is important because it. b. helps clients who are dealing with a loss.

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 14: OVERVIEW OF THE ACTION STAGE Multiple-Choice Questions In addition to helping clients with their goals, action is important because it a. helps clients explore their concerns. b. helps clients who are dealing with a loss. c. helps clients consolidate thinking patterns learned during the insight stage.* d. helps clients understand their problems. e. all of the above Daniela s client, Bruce, seems hesitant to move toward action. Daniela tries to use information and direct guidance to motivate her client. What might be happening in this scenario? a. Bruce may not be ready to change. b. Daniela may be too invested in Bruce s change. c. More exploration may be needed. d. all of the above apply * e. none of the above apply Behavioral theories are different from psychoanalytic theories because they a. focus on the reasons people behave the way they do. b. focus on past models rather than focus on the present. c. suggest that behaviors and cognitions are learned.* d. encourage the helper to be a friend rather than a blank screen. e. all of the above

2 Which of the following is NOT an assumption of behavioral theories? a. focus on overt behaviors rather than unconscious motivations b. action changes brain patterns * c. reliance on empirical data and scientific methods d. a valuing of an active, directive, prescriptive role for helpers e. an emphasis on the present instead of the past A helper can serve as a model for the client in many ways. A behavioral helper might label this type of learning as a. generalized learning b. shaping c. positive reinforcement d. observational learning * e. vicarious sensitization comes after a behavior and reduces the probability that the behavior will occur again. a. Negative reinforcement b. Extinction c. Punishment * d. Positive reinforcement e. Exercise

3 Shaping involves: a. getting in shape b. gradual training of a complex response by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior * c. Something that comes after a behavior and reduces the probability that the behavior will occur again d. Something that comes before a behavior and reduces the probability that the behavior will occur again e. generalization The transfer of learning from one situation to another is called: a. inebriation b. justification c. actualization d. performance e. generalization * The O in S-O-R refers to: a. organism * b. organization c. oganismic d. orthogonal e. octagonal

4 The role of the helper in the action stage, as discussed in the Hill text, is to a. assist clients in thinking about action.* b. present an action plan to the client. c. assist clients in pursuing their original plan for action when they confront obstacles. d. deal with the therapeutic relationship. e. a and c Insight does not always lead spontaneously to action, because a. clients may not have gained adequate insight. b. clients may not have the skills to move to action. c. clients may not feel ready to change, may be afraid of trying new things, or believe they cannot change. d. all of the above * e. b and c Carlita has gained insight into her problems but cannot seem to move to action. What might be the reason(s) for this? a. Understanding may be enough. b. Carlita may have gained intellectual, but not emotional insight. c. Carlita may not have the right skills to move toward action. d. Carlita may not have enough money to pay for therapy. e. b and c *

5 Dr. Arbona tells his client, Minnie, that he cannot tell her what actions to take. Encouraging Minnie to determine her own actions is important because a. once the goal is made, Dr. Arbona will direct Minnie on when to act on it. b. Minnie becomes responsible for meeting her goals and achieving the desired outcomes.* c. although Dr. Arbona knows what goal is best for Minnie, he does not want to impose his beliefs on her. d. Dr. Arbona does not want to be held responsible if the goal is incorrect. e. all of the above Important reasons for moving beyond insight to action include: a. moving toward termination with the client b. consolidating new thinking patterns learned during insight c. helping clients attain their goals of changing specific thoughts, behaviors, and feelings d. all of the above e. only b and c * Markers that the client is ready to move to action include: a. the client has gained insight b. the client asked for action c. the client has a phobia d. all of the above * e. a and b

6 Which of the following is NOT a marker that the client is ready to move to action? a. the client is in crisis b. the client is stuck in insight c. there is a rupture in the therapeutic alliance * d. the client has gained insight e. the client asked for action Ellis believes that which of the following causes people to feel bad? a. unforeseen negative events b. painful losses c. their belief system * d. their irrational values e. all of the above Some markers for knowing that the client is ready to move to action do NOT include: a. the client spontaneously starts talking about having gained insight b. the client is stuck in insight and is not making change c. the helper has some good ideas for how the client could change * d. the client is in crisis e. d and e The concept of baby steps, as used by this textbook, refers to a. a baby learning to walk. b. making small changes.* c. going slowly through the steps of the action stage.

7 d. not treating clients like infants. e. actively implementing the action stage Which of the following is NOT an assumption of cognitive and behavioral theories? a. a focus on determining adaptive behaviors and cognition for a situation rather than on personality change b. a valuing of an active, directive, and prescriptive role for helpers c. an emphasis on the past as opposed to the present * d. a belief that the helper-client relationship is important to establish rapport and gain client collaboration, but is not enough to help clients change e. an emphasis on specific, clearly defined goals If Sean changes his study habits so he studies for 15 minutes and then allows himself a soda, this is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. generalization e. a and b * The most frequently used skill in the action stage is a. direct guidance b. information c. open questions for action * d. process advisement e. disclosure of strategies

8 Short Answer List the skills used in the action stage. Essay Questions Provide an argument for or against including the action stage in the helping process Why does this textbook consider the action stage to be client-centered? What is the role of helper support and lack of investment in the action stage?