Individual and Society: Sociological Social Psychology Lizabeth A. Crawford & Katerine B. Novak Table of Contents

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1 Preface Individual and Society: Sociological Social Psychology Lizabeth A. Crawford & Katerine B. Novak Table of Contents Part I: Theoretical Perspectives and Research Methods in Sociological Social Psychology Chapter 1: What is Sociological Social Psychology? What is Social Psychology? Sociological Social Psychology and Sociology The Sociological Perspective Social Norms Social Stratification The Individual in Society: Constraint and Agency Micro vs. Macro- Levels of Analysis The Different Faces of Social Psychology Psychological Social Psychology (PSP) Research on the Bystander Effect What to Do in an Emergency Symbolic Interactionism (SI) Research on Teenagers Working in Coffee Shops Social Structure and Personality (SSP) Research on the Consequences of Teenage Employment Group processes and structures (GPS) Research on Gender Bias Experiments in GPS vs. Experiments in PSP Comparing the Social Psychologies Locating the Social Psychologies on the Micro-Macro Continuum Application: Studying the Social Experiences of Immigration Studies by Symbolic Interactionists Studies by SSP Researchers Studies by GPS Researchers Applying Multiple Perspectives

2 Chapter 2: Research Methods in Sociological Social Psychology The Research Process Quantitative Research Methods The Deductive Method and Testing Theories Independent and Dependent Variables Indices Surveys Representative Sampling and Generalizability Biased Sampling Secondary Data Analysis Experiments Experimental Design Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment Experiments in Sociology The Effects of Status: Education Evaluating Quantitative Research Methods The Strengths and Weaknesses of Surveys and Experiments Establishing Causality and Internal Validity Time Order Spurious Relationships Generalizability and External Validity Reliability Qualitative Research Methods The Inductive Method and Grounded Theory Participant Observation Covert Participant Observation Overt Participant Observation In-depth Interviews Evaluating Qualitative Research Methods The Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Methods Using Multiple Methods The Research Cycle Ethical Issues in Research Institutional Review Boards and Codes of Ethics Experiments, Surveys, and Observational Research

3 Chapter 3: Symbolic Interactionism and Related Perspectives Theoretical Frameworks Symbolic Interactionism (SI) Communication as an Exchange of Significant Symbols Mead s Self Key Premises of Symbolic Interactionism The Social Construction of Reality in Everyday Situations The Two Schools of Symbolic Interactionism Chicago School Symbolic Interactionism Situational Definitions The College Classroom Fan-Celebrity Encounters What s Distinctive about Chicago School SI The Construction of Meaning in Group Encounters Iowa and Indiana School Symbolic Interactionism What s Distinctive about Iowa/Indiana School SI Measuring the Self-Concept Family Roles and the Content of College Students Self-Concepts Society, the Self-Concept, and Behavior Comparing Iowa/Indiana School to Chicago School SI Related Theoretical Frameworks The Dramaturgical Perspective Grades and Impression Management among College Students Other Research on Self-Presentational Strategies Ethnomethodology Talk about Race and the Reproduction of Inequality Agency vs. Structure within the SI Face of Social Psychology Evaluating SI Research Strengths of SI Research Limitations of SI Research Chapter 4: The Social Structure and Personality Perspective

4 SSP Analysis of the College Classroom SSP as a Face of Sociological Social Psychology Early Research Social Stratification and its Consequences SSP and Theory Role Theory Statuses and Roles Social Institutions Role Strain The Three Principles that Guide Research in SSP The Components Principle The Proximity Principle The Psychology Principle Structure vs. Agency within SSP The General SSP Model Prominent Research in SSP by Context Work Gender, Race, and Occupational Mobility Alienation Job Satisfaction School The Wisconsin Model of Status Attainment Tracking Family Gender and the Division of Household Labor Life Course Research Evaluating SSP Research Strengths of SSP Research Limitations of SSP Research Integrating Perspectives: Research on Social Cognition Chapter 5: Group processes and structures Groups in Everyday Life Groups vs. Social Networks

5 Research in Group processes and structures (GPS) Experimental Sociology Three Theoretical Frameworks Within GPS Expectations States Theory Status Characteristics Theory Multiple Status Characteristics Intervention Social Exchange Theory Power-Dependence Relations Types of Power-Dependence Relations Power in Exchange Networks Studying Negotiated Exchange in the Lab How to Increase Power in a Negotiated Exchange Studying Reciprocal Exchange in the Lab Trust Research on Social Exchange in Intimate Relationships Social Identity Theory Why People Form Social Identities that Devalue Out-groups Application: A Class Divided Minimal Groups Contemporary Research on Social Identities The Construction of National Identities Political Identities and Behavior Evaluation of GPS Research Strengths of GPS Research Limitations of GPS Research Part II: Topics Studied by Sociological Social Psychologists Chapter 6: Socialization Throughout the Life Course Key Concepts Primary Socialization Psychological Approaches to Child Development Personality Cognitive Development

6 Social Learning Theory Symbolic Interactionist Approaches The Development of the Self Language and Primary Socialization The Effects of Social Isolation Studies of Children s Social Worlds The Interpretative Approach Children s Peer Cultures Structural Approaches Poverty Parental Divorce Issues of Interest Pertaining to Primary Socialization Gender Socialization Gender Differences in Abilities and Behavior Evidence that Gender Socialization Begins at Birth Two Classic Studies Contemporary Patterns Gender Differences in Children s Peer Relationships Consequences Cross-cultural Research Moral Reasoning Children and the Media Secondary Socialization Life Course Research Role Transitions Cohort Effects Emerging Adulthood: A New Developmental Stage Chapter 7: Self and Identity Self, Self-Concept, and Identity Self-Perception and Affect The Looking-Glass Self Self-Esteem Sources of Self Esteem Structural Influences

7 Self as a Cognitive Structure How Self-Schemata Function The Self-Concept and Behavior Self-Esteem and Behavior The Dramaturgical Model and Impression Management Psychological and Situational Factors Related to Impression Management Structural Symbolic Interactionist Approaches Identities and Behavior The Role-Person Merger The Verification of Self-Conceptions The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy GPS Research on Intergroup Relations and Social Identities Identity Threat Identity Construction and Maintenance Symbolic Interactionist Approaches Application: Studying the Transition to College Identity Change The Real Self Evidence of a Cultural Shift SSP Research on Generational Changes in the Self-Concepts of Youth Self and Identity in the Postmodern Era Chapter 8: Emotions and Social Life Important Terms Categories of Emotion Primary Emotions Secondary Emotions Labeling Based on Situational Cues Cultural Factors Emotion Management Model of Emotive Experience Emotion as Social Control from a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Reflexive Role-Taking and the Self-Regulation of Behavior Embarrassment and Shame Behavioral Indicators of Embarrassment and Shame Guilt

8 Embarrassability and other Dispositional Differences Empathic Role-Taking and Sympathy Rules for Giving and Receiving Sympathy Identities and Emotion Identity Control Theory Affect Control Theory Emotion as a Product of Group processes and structures Social Exchange and Emotion Distributive Justice and Equity Status and Emotion in Task-Oriented Groups Socioemotive Behavior and the Reproduction of Status Structures Using Emotion to Combat the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Group Interactions Emotion within the Social Structure and Personality Tradition Interaction Rituals Power, Status, and Emotion Responses to 9/11 Key Things to Know Chapter 9: Deviance and Social Control What is Deviance? Deviance as a Social Construction Why Study Deviance? Types of Deviance Mechanisms of Social Control Social Patterns Deviance among Youth Deviance among Adults Research on the Causes of Deviance within Social Structure and Personality Structural Strain Theory Social Comparison Processes and Relative Deprivation General Strain Theory Social Control Theory Main Premises Bonds to Society Macro Extensions Research on How Deviance is Learned The Symbolic Interactionist Model Revisited

9 Differential Association Theory Main Premises Differential Reinforcement Theory Application: Social Learning and Stalking Overview and Evaluation of Structural and Learning Theories The Consequences of Being Considered Deviant The Symbolic Interactionist Approach Main Premises of Labeling Theory Status and Labeling Deviant Selves Managing Stigma from a Dramaturgical Perspective Derogation Ceremonies and the Use of Accounts Techniques of Neutralization Deviation from Norms within Groups Status Violation Theory Other Perspectives Chapter 10: Mental Health and Illness What Causes Stress? Sociological versus Psychological Approaches to the Study of Stress Modeling the Stress Process Distress vs. Disorder Stressors Temporal Order Coping Resources Social Support Self-Esteem and Mastery Social Structure and Psychological Distress The Differential Exposure Model The Differential Vulnerability Model Explaining Status Effects Socially-Based Identities and Psychological Distress Status Effects Studying Psychiatric Disorder Application: Explaining Racial/Ethnic Differences PTSD among War

10 Veterans Adversity throughout the Life Course SSP Research on Mental Health and Public Policy The Social Construction of Psychiatric Disorder DSM and the Dominance of the Medical Model Medicalization and its Consequences The Labeling Theory of Mental Illness The Societal Functions of the Concept of Mental Illness Two Important Studies The Mental Institution from a Dramaturgical Perspective On Being Sane in Insane Places Evaluating the Qualitative Literature on the Experiences of Mental Patients Contemporary Patterns The Modified Labeling Theory Identity Illness Careers among Individuals with Depression Structural Perspectives on Treatment Chapter 11: Personal Relationships Key Concepts Social Psychological Research on Love Passionate Love as the Misattribution of Arousal Love Styles Macro-Level Structural and Cultural Influences on Definitions of Love Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Love Sex on College Campuses: The Hookup Culture Who Hooks Up? Friendship Characteristics College Students Value in their Friends The Trajectory of Personal Relationships Initiation: Person Perception and Attraction Application: How to Make Common Perceptual Biases Work in Your Favor Propinquity Cultural and Group Norms

11 The Initial Stage of a Relationship Role-Negotiation Relationship Maintenance Relationship Dissolution Factors Associated with Premarital Breakups The Consequences of Breaking Up Divorce Structural Determinants of Divorce Social Exchange Processes and Divorce The Consequences of Divorce Contemporary Trends Same-Sex Couples Cohabitation among Heterosexual Couples The Internet and Personal Relationships Psychological Well-Being and Social Development Friendship Who Benefits the Most from Internet Use? Romantic Relationships Internet Infidelity and its Consequences Mobile Phones and Personal Relationships Chapter 12: Prejudice and Discrimination Important Concepts Institutional Discrimination and Racism Status Beliefs and Behavior Attitudes and Behavior The Effect of Social Norms Pressures toward Similarity Evidence that Behaviors Predict Attitudes The Current Racial Climate Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring Decisions Proportional Representation as an Indicator of Discrimination Cognitive Biases and Contemporary Racial Attitudes Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Status, Conflict, and Changes in Racial Attitudes

12 Beliefs about Racial Inequality Application: College Students Race Journals Social Structure and Social Cognition The White Racial Frame Counter-Frames How Racial Frames are Learned Racial and Ethnic Identities Race/Ethnicity as a Social Identity Structural Perspectives Tokenism Symbolic Interactionist Research on Identity Construction Creating a More Egalitarian Society Micro-Level Interventions Creating a Common Identity through Interdependent Cooperation Challenging Status Beliefs Macro-Level Structural Changes Chapter 13: Social Influence, Social Constraint, and Social Change Social Influence Research on Compliance Obedience to Authority Research on Conformity in Groups Gender and Conformity Status Characteristics and Conformity Social Contagion within Social Networks Application: Identifying the Social Processes that Lead to the Spread of Obesity Gossip Social Constraint Collective Behavior Fashions and Fads Institutional Fads Rumors and Urban Legends Mass Hysteria Panics

13 Somatoform Epidemics Behavior in Crowds Social Contagion Deindividuation Emergent Norms Social Movements Early Theories Value-Added Theory Other Models within Social Structure and Personality Resource Mobilization Why Individuals Participate in Social Movements Framing The Free Rider Problem Social Movement Participation as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Socially-Based Identities and Participation in Social Movements Social Networks, Social Support, and High Risk Activism Collective Identity and Participation in Social Movements New Social Movements Coalitions Social Movement Outcomes

Introduction to Social Psychology p. 1 Introduction p. 2 What Is Social Psychology? p. 3 A Formal Definition p. 3 Core Concerns of Social Psychology

Preface p. xv Introduction to Social Psychology p. 1 Introduction p. 2 What Is Social Psychology? p. 3 A Formal Definition p. 3 Core Concerns of Social Psychology p. 3 Sociology, Psychology, or Both? p.