The Scientific Method

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1 The Scientific Method

2 The Scientific Method - a step by step approach to solving problems

3 Steps of the Scientific Method 1. State a problem 2. Gather information 3. Form a hypothesis (an educated guess) 4. Perform an experiment 5. Record and analyze data 6. Form a conclusion

4 Mnemonic device Pigs In Houses Eat Rice Crispies (Problem, Information, Hypothesis, Experiment, Record, Conclusion)

5 Experiment - a procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions

6 Independent Variable - the factor that is deliberately manipulated by the experimenter

7 Dependent Variable - the factor that may change in response to the independent variable; what is measured in an experiment

8 Control - the part of the experiment which is kept at normal conditions against which the variable is compared

9 In a controlled experiment, all variables must be kept constant except the one variable that is being changed.

10

11 Quantitative Data - numbers obtained by counting or measuring Qualitative Data - descriptions about characteristics that can t be counted or measured

12 Repeated trials - experiments should be repeated to see if the same results are obtained each time. This gives validity to the test results.

13 Theory - an explanation that is consistent with all existing tests and observations; further evidence is needed to make it a law

14 Law - a general statement that explains how the natural world behaves under certain conditions and for which no exceptions have been found

15 Now, let s look at a practical example that puts the scientific method to use.

16 State a Problem John watches his grandmother bake bread. He asks his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

17 State a Problem (continued) John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

18 Gather Information John researches baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on the topic in a journal.

19 Form a Hypothesis When John has completed his research, he comes up with a hypothesis that he presents to his teacher. If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.

20 Conduct an Experiment Because his grandmother always used 50g of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group. John s teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. She discusses with John the need for a control group.

21 Conduct an Experiment (continued) John is going to use 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g, and 500g of sugar in his experiment. John s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.

22 Conduct an Experiment (continued) The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same. They might include: other ingredients in the recipe, the oven used, rise time, brand of ingredients, cooking time, type of pan used, air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising, oven temperature, age of the yeast, etc.

23 Conduct an Experiment (continued) John doubles checks his written procedure for his experiment and his list of materials to make sure that all variables will be controlled except for the amount of sugar. John decides to test each sugar amount three times and take an average of the trials.

24 Record and analyze data John comes up with a table he can use to record his data. He gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment. Here are his results:

25 Amt. of Sugar (g.) Average Size (cm 3 ) Control group Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials

26 Record and analyze data (continued) John examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g of sugar.

27 Form a conclusion John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g and 100g. Once again, John gathers his materials and carries out his experiment. Here are the results:

28 Amt. of Sugar (g.) Average Size (cm 3 ) Control group Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials

29 Form a conclusion (continued) John finds that 70g of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is now accepted. Increasing the amount of sugar from 50g to 70g results in a larger loaf of bread.

30 Observe your world and come up with a question to answer using the scientific method!

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