Human Motivation and Emotion

Transcription

1 Human Motivation and Emotion Dr. Fuschia Sirois Lectures 22 Nov Perceived Control Expectations about desired outcomes resulting from interactions with the environment 1. Must perceive that one is capable of attaining outcome 2. Situation must be responsive and predictable w/r/t planned interactions Control Control and effort put towards a goal Recall self-efficacy, competency Desire for control (Burger & Cooper, 1979) distinct from beliefs and expectations about controllability of a situation Moderates the effects of perceived control Dental patients who had a high desire for control but perceived that they had little control over pain, reported greater fear and distress higher levels of expected pain (Logan et al., 1991) Growth Motivation & Positive Psychology Inherent tendencies vs socialization Expression and blockage of the Authentic self Holism Bottom up approach The study of what is healthy Humanistic perspective on growth and selfrealization Early pioneers: Maslow, Rogers, May 1

2 Positive Psychology shares with humanistic psychology an interest in advancing human fulfillment, but its origins and methodology are scientific shift in emphasis from learned helplessness and depression to optimism and thriving Comprised of three pillars: 1) positive subjective well-being 2) positive character 3) positive groups Positive Psychology: 3 Pillars 1) Subjective well-being defined as satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future 2) Positive character focuses on exploring and enhancing virtues such as creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality 3) Positive groups seeks to foster a positive social ecology, including healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially responsible media, and civil dialogue. Defining Subjective Well-being Diener suggests that SWB is comprised of 4 components: 1) Life satisfaction (global judgements of one s life) 2) Satisfaction with important domains (e.g., work) 3) Positive affect (pleasant emotions & moods) 4) Low levels of negative affect (few unpleasant emotions & moods) Subjective Well-being Research SWB researchers initially focused on who is happy, and now focus on when & why people are happy, and the processes that influence SWB Bottom-up influences on SWB: external events, situations, & demographics basic universal needs that if satisfied = happiness Top-down influences on SWB: intra-individual structures (e.g., personality) that determine how events & circumstances are perceived Happiness is in the eye of the beholder 2

3 Quality of Life Based on a humanistic approach which often differentiates between subjective and objective quality of life (QOL) Subjective QOL = feeling good and being satisfied with things in general Objective QOL = fulfilling the societal and cultural demands for material wealth, social status and physical well-being Inherent process, striving Characterized by autonomy and openness to experience Deficiency and Growth needs Recall how to distinguish them How do you know something is a growth vs. deficiency need? Maslow s take: Deprivation of metaneeds Innate need but rarely achieved? Blame the environment internal and external Peak experiences and actualization Maslow s Hierarchy Maslow s Hierarchy Deficiency needs Survival Pre-requisite Survival Safety Belonging Self-esteem Being needs Endlessly renewed Whole person Intellect/achievement Aesthetics Self-actualization Motivation increases as needs are met Motivation decreases as needs are met Self- Actualization Need Aesthetic Needs Need to know and Understand Esteem Needs Belongingness and Love Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs Being (growth) Needs Deficiency Needs (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004 (c) Allyn and Bacon

4 Carl Rogers Carl Rogers In a psychological climate which is nurturant of growth and choice, I have never known an individual to choose the cruel or destructive path.it is cultural influences which are the major factor in our evil behaviors. Actualizing Tendency Toward full potential Growth, Maturity, Authenticity Counseling to increase Congruence The Real Self Goal openness to experience and deep relationships Unconditional positive regard & societal conditions of worth Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Actualizing Tendency Innate, continual process towards predetermined potentials Motivates towards new challenges Organismic Valuing Process Innate capability for evaluating whether experience promotes or reverses growth Provides interpretive information about the nature of the experience Set by the inner world Conditions of Worth Internalized from parents Set by the outer world 4

5 Fully functioning individual Emergence, acceptance and expression of a motive Causality orientation Recall self-determination theory Autonomy vs. control orientation Inner vs. outer guides for behavior Growth seeking vs. Validation seeking Relationships and actualizing tendency Helping others Relatedness to others Freedom to learn 5