AP PSYCH PRETEST UNIT 6 Name: Date:

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1 Name: Date: 1. A variable-ratio schedule ofreiuforcement is one iu which a response is reiuforced only after A) a specified time period has elapsed. B) an unpredictable time period has elapsed. C) a specified number ofresponses have been made. D) an unpredictable number of responses have been made. E) the desired behavior is performed during a predetermiued time iuterval. 2. An integrated understandiug of associative leamiug iu terms ofgenetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certaiu associations is most clearly provided by A) Pavlov's experiments. D) the law ofeffect. B) Watson's behaviorism. E) operant conditioniug. C) a biopsychosocial approach. 3. A patient who had long feared goiug iuto elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ofthe patient's fear. A) generalization B) latent learning C) shapiug D) extiuction E) reiuforcement 4. A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to A) operant conditioniug. D) iutriusic motivation. B) latent learniug. E) iusight leamiug. C) classical conditioniug. 5. The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called A) spontaneous recovery. B) conditioned reiuforcement. C) latent leamiug. D) generalization. E) shapiug. 6. Dr. Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the iuteractiug iufluences of a person's iuborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. Dr. Kiugston's emphasis best illustrates A) behaviorism. D) a biopsychosocial approach. B) the law ofeffect. E) cognitive-behavioral approach. C) prosocial behavior. 7. Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioniug, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates A) discrimination. B) generalization. C) acquisition. D) shapiug. E) extiuction. 8. The iufant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the A) US. B) DR. C) CS. D) CR. E) SA. 9. As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explaiued by A) classical conditioning. D) operant conditioniug. B) observational learning. E) latent learning. C) habituation. 10. Children are helped by to develop a theory of miud. A) spontaneous recovery B) mirror neurons C) iustinctive drift D) operant chambers E) insight learniug 11. A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction? A) operant conditioning B) negative reinforcement C) conditioned stimulus D) habituation E) law ofeffect 12. Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of A) latent learning. D) spontaneous recovery. B) iustiuctive drift. E) operant conditioniug. C) the law of effect. Page 1

2 --~ AP PSYCH PRETEST UNIT What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? A) Primary reinforcers are presented innnediately after the behavior; conditioned reinforcers are presented after a delay. B) Primary reinforcers are introduced every time the behavior occurs; conditioned reinforcers are introduced only sometimes. C) Primary reinforcers lead to rapid learning of the behavior; conditioned reinforcers produce greater resistance to extinction. D) Primary reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; conditioned reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned. 14. Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to A) practice and preach the virtues ofcleanliness. B) practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues. C) neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness. D) preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness. E) preach the virtues ofobeying parents but not notice the washing hands rule. 15. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) secondary reinforcement. D) latent learning. E) shaping. 16. Conditioning is the process of A) discrimination. D) observationalleanting. B) spontaneous recovery. E) generalization. C) learning associations. 17. After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, occurred. A) generalization B) negative reinforcement C) latent learning D) extinction E) discrimination 18. A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. Ifshe wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period reinforcement. A) positive; negative D) partial; continuous B) negative; positive E) continuous; partial C) primary;secondary 19. Ifa baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the foilowing best explains this superstitious behavior? A) Reinforced behavior, even ifit is accidental, is more likely to be repeated. B) Operant behaviors are voluntary. C) Immediate reinforcers are more effective when delayed in changing behavior. D) Variable-ratio schedules produce high rates of responding. E) Latent leanting becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. 20. The law ofeffect refers to the tendency to A) learn associations between consecutive stimuli. D) lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity. B) learn in the absence of reinforcement. E) enhance conditioning using strict responses. C) repeat behaviors that are rewarded. 21. Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Antonio now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) for Antonio's anxiety. A) negative reinforcer D) unconditioned stimulus B) conditioned stimulus E) primary reinforcer. C) secondary reinforcer 22. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to A) punishing. B) extinguishing. C) discriminating. D) modeling. E) generalizing. Page

3 23. After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates A) shaping. B) extinction. C) latent learning. D) spontaneous recovery. E) generalization. 24. Watson to the study oflearning? A) He challenged the prevailing belief that all associations can be learned equally well. B) He demonstrated that the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response. C) He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new behaviors. D) He explained how partial reinforcement schedules can be used to maintain learned behaviors. E) He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning. 25. Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior? A) automatic B) reflexive C) voluntary D) instinctive E) unlearned 26. Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A) negative reinforcement D) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning E) observational learning C) latent learning 27. A dramatic increase in children's violent play innnediately after they viewed a video ofthe Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of A) respondent behavior. D) observational learning. B) spontaneous recovery. E) intermittent reinforcement. C) negative reinforcement. 28. Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered A) continuous reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement. B) negative punishment. E) positive punishment. C) positive reinforcement. 29. Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a schedule. A) continuous-ratio B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio E) fixed-interval 30. An automatic response to some stimulus is called A) associative learning. D) operant behavior. B) respondent behavior. E) latent learning. C) observational learning. 31. Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to A) the law of effect. D) instinctive drift. B) spontaneous recovery. E) operant conditioning. C) the violence-viewing effect. 32. Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine A) latent learning. B) intrinsic motivation. C) spontaneous recovery. D) generalization. E) discrimination. 33. Which of the following is the best example ofa conditioned reinforcer? A) applause for an excellent piano recital B) a spanking for eating cookies before dinner C) a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day D) termination of shock after removing one's fmger from a live electric wire E) pudding for eatmg all your peas at supper 34. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called A) shaping. B) behaviorism. C) observational learning. D) the law of effect. E) latent learning. Page 3

4 35. A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. E) neutral stimulus. C) unconditioned response. 36. An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of A) latent learning. D) secondary reinforcement. B) delayed reinforcement. E) spontaneous recovery. C) generalization. 37. By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of A) habituation. D) observational learning. B) spontaneous recovery. E) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. 38. To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should A) monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote. B) formulate goals for behavior change that are a bit more ambitious than what you can actually accomplish. C) carefully observe and imitate the specific behaviors practiced by others who have successfully achieved your goals. D) systematically reinforce the operant behavior you wish to promote with delayed rather than immediate reinforcers. E) associate the desired behavior with an unconditioned stimulus. 39. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to A) fear cars in the street. D) retrieve sticks and balls. B) dislike the taste ofdead birds. E) salivate when presented with food. C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. 40. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was A) the taste of food. D) salivation to the sound of a tone. B) salivation to the taste of food. E) the anticipation offood. C) the sound of a tone. 41. A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their A) cholesterol level B) blood type. C) muscle tension. D) genetic makeup. E) circadian rhythm. 42. The most crucial ingredient in all learning is A) shaping. B) modeling. C) experience. D) intrinsic motivation. E) maturation. 43. Tn shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) A) discriminative stimulus; operant behavior D) modeling; prosocial behavior B) unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior E) continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer C) conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer 44. Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks A) experienced extinction. D) experienced a discriminative stimulus. B) underwent spontaneous recovery. E) developed a conditioned reinforcer. C) developed learned helplessness. 45. The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was A) B. F. Skinner. B) Ivan Pavlov. C) John B. Watson. D) Albert Bandura. E) John Garcia. 46. The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to A) encourage regular aerobic exercise. D) facilitate the relaxation response. B) reduce the propuction of lymphocytes. E) enhance latent learning potential C) elevate blood sugar levels. Page 4

5 47. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of A) shaping over modeling. D) classical conditioning over operant conditioning. B) reinforcement over punishment. E) primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers. C) spontaneous recovery over extinction. 48. Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a reinforcement schedule. A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio E) intermittent-continuous 49. John B. Watson emphasized that A) learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. B) unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process ofcognition. C) both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. D) learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes. E) cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction. 50. Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying A) intrinsic motivation. D) operant conditioning. B) respondent behavior. E) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. Page 5