Structures of Memory. Structures of Memory. Processes in Memory. Processes in Memory. The Multi-Store Model. The Multi-Store Model.

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1 Structures of Memory Name the three types of longterm memory (LTM). 1 Structures of Memory The three types of LTM are: episodic memory semantic memory procedural memory. 1 Processes in Memory Define storage. 2 Processes in Memory Storage is the process of maintaining information in memory over time, avoiding forgetting or distortions. 2 The Multi-Store Model of Memory 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, which STM process allows information to be encoded to LTM? 3 The Multi-Store Model of Memory 1 The process that allows information from STM to be encoded to LTM according to the multi-store model of memory is rehearsal. 3 The Multi-Store Model of Memory 2 What is the main supporting evidence for the multi-store model of memory? 4 The Multi-Store Model of Memory 2 The main supporting evidence for the multi-store model of memory is the serial position curve, a finding from an experiment conducted by Murdock (1962). 4 Factors Affecting Memory Apart from culture, name the factors that make people more or less likely to remember something successfully and accurately. 5 Factors Affecting Memory Apart from culture, the factors that make people more or less likely to remember something successfully and accurately are: state timing interference context. 5

2 Perception and Sensation What is perceptual constancy? Perception and Sensation Perceptual constancy is the ability of the brain s perceptual system to make allowances for changes in the environment. 6 6 Visual Cues and Depth Perception Define depth perception. 7 Visual Cues and Depth Perception Depth perception is the perceptual process of interpreting how close or far away objects are. 7 Illusions What is the Necker cube? Illusions The Necker cube is a 2D shape that tends to be interpreted as a cube in either of two orientations. 8 8 Rubin s vase is an illusion that Illusions Describe Rubin s vase. Illusions can be interpreted as either two faces looking towards each other, or (using the space in between the faces) a vase. 9 9 Theories of Perception Which theory of perception is based on the work of James Gibson? 10 Theories of Perception The direct theory of perception is based on the work of James Gibson. 10

3 Factors Affecting Perception What are hallucinations? 11 Factors Affecting Perception Hallucinations are things that we perceive in the absence of real sensations. 11 Brain Development What is the brain stem responsible for? 12 Brain Development The brain stem is responsible for autonomic functions such as breathing and heartbeat. 12 Nature and Nurture What does the nature nurture debate argue about? 13 Nature and Nurture The nature nurture debate argues about whether human psychology is mainly determined by upbringing/ environment or by genetics. 13 Piaget s Theories 1 Piaget thought that schemas develop through which two processes? 14 Piaget s Theories 1 Piaget thought that schemas develop through assimilation and accommodation. 14 Piaget s Theories 2 The policeman doll study was a simpler version of which experiment? 15 Piaget s Theories 2 The policeman doll study was a simpler version of Piaget s three mountains problem. 15

4 Learning Define self-efficacy. Learning Self-efficacy is a person s sense of whether they are good or bad at something Sampling Who does the term target population refer to? Sampling Target population refers to the group of people who the researcher is interested in studying Variables and Hypotheses What is a variable? Variables and Hypotheses A variable is any characteristic, attribute or environmental condition that can vary in other words, it can have different values Design of Experiments 1 In experimental design, what is a control condition? 19 Design of Experiments 1 A control condition is a condition that is used simply for comparison it is used as a baseline. 19 Design of Experiments 2 A key ethical procedure is seeking informed consent from participants what does this term mean? 20 Design of Experiments 2 Informed consent means that research participants must give their consent in full knowledge of what they are consenting to. 20

5 Non-experimental Methods What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data? 21 Non-experimental Methods Qualitative data is in the form of spoken/written words or some other non-numerical form; quantitative data is in the form of numbers. 21 Correlation and Data Handling Correlation studies typically display findings on which type of graph? 22 Correlation and Data Handling Correlation studies typically display findings on a scatter graph. 22 Conformity What was the main aim of Asch s study of conformity (line study)? Conformity The main aim of Asch s study of conformity (line study) was to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority could influence the likelihood that a person 23 would conform. 23 When people are in an Obedience How do people behave when they are in an agentic state? Obedience agentic state, they allow other people to direct their actions, assuming no responsibility for their actions or the consequences Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour What is social loafing? 25 Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour Social loafing is a phenomenon whereby a person exerts less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. 25

6 The Possible Relationship Between Language and Thought What are the two main theories concerned with the relationship between language and thought? 26 The Possible Relationship Between Language and Thought The two main theories concerned with the relationship between language and thought are Piaget s theory and the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis. 26 Differences Between Human and Animal Communication Humans have an open vocal system what does this mean? 27 Differences Between Human and Animal Communication An open vocal system is the vocal system found in humans that allows them to combine known symbols with new symbols in order to create new meanings. 27 Non-verbal Communication Define the term postural echo. Non-verbal Communication Postural echo is the mirroring or adoption of the same posture as the person doing the talking, which encourages mutual positive feelings Explanations of Nonverbal Behaviour Darwin s evolutionary theory suggested that nonverbal communication was innate what does this term mean? 29 Explanations of Nonverbal Behaviour Innate means something (such as an ability) that you are born with. 29 The Structure and Function of the Brain and Nervous System Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system. 30 The Structure and Function of the Brain and Nervous System The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic system and the autonomic system. 30

7 Neuron Structure and Function What do relay neurons do? 31 Neuron Structure and Function Relay neurons carry messages from one part of the central nervous system to another they connect motor and sensory neurons. 31 Localisation of Function in the Brain Describe the function of the somatosensory area of the brain. 32 Localisation of Function in the Brain The somatosensory area of the brain is concerned with the sensation of the body. 32 Localisation of Function in the Brain What is the parietal lobe responsible for? 33 Localisation of Function in the Brain The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information that is associated with taste, temperature and touch. 33 An Introduction to Neuropsychology Which three main scanning techniques are used to identify brain functioning? 34 An Introduction to Neuropsychology The three main scanning techniques used to identify brain functioning are: fmri (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) CT or CAT scan (Computerised Axial Tomography) PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography). 34 An Introduction to Mental Health Self actualisation is one of the characteristics of ideal mental health what does this term mean? 35 An Introduction to Mental Health Self actualisation is the realisation of your talents and potentialities. 35

8 Effects of Mental Health Problems on Individuals and Society Give two ways in which mental health issues can affect physical wellbeing. 36 Effects of Mental Health Problems on Individuals and Society Mental health issues can affect physical wellbeing by: reducing the function of the immune system leading to a greater susceptibility to infection. 36 Characteristics of Clinical Depression What are the two main types of depression? 37 Characteristics of Clinical Depression The two main types of depression are unipolar depression and bipolar depression. 37 Theories of Depression and Intervention What is meant by a holistic approach to treating depression? 38 Theories of Depression and Intervention A holistic approach treats the whole person (taking into account mental and social factors) rather than just the symptoms of depression. 38 Characteristics of Addiction What is the difference between addiction and substance abuse? 39 Characteristics of Addiction Addiction refers to a behaviour that leads to dependency; substance abuse is where the substance (often a drug) is used in amounts that are harmful to the user but does not necessarily lead to dependency. 39 Theories of Addiction and Interventions How does aversion therapy work? 40 Theories of Addiction and Interventions Aversion therapy works by conditioning the individual into experiencing an unpleasant reaction when engaging in the unwanted activity. 40