2016 Annual Meeting Conference
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1 2016 Annual Meeting Conference Judges Track #2 Grand Ballroom A Evolving Trends in Iowa s Correctional Practices 4:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Presented by Beth Skinner, Ph.D., Statewide Recidivism Reduction Coordinator, Iowa City, Iowa Dot Faust, Deputy Director Offender Services Sally Kreamer, Deputy Director, Communitybased Corrections MONDAY, JUNE 13
2 Iowa Department of Corrections Evidenced based Practices Iowa Department of Corrections 1
3 The Long Reach of Corrections Over 97% of individuals in jail/prison return to the community, and: 68% of state prisoners are rearrested in 3 years 50% of state prisoners are reincarcerated in 3 years Source: Pew Center on the States (2012); Bureau of Justice Statistics (2014) Iowa Department of Corrections 2
4 Reducing recidivism has emerged as a national priority 1 in 33 adults is under correctional control. Spending increased from $12 billion in 1988 to $53 billion in While many states are seeing cuts to criminal justice components serving recidivism reduction functions. Despite dropping crime rates across the country, recidivism rates remain stubbornly high. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, State Expenditure Report (1988 and 2014) Iowa Department of Corrections 3
5 3 Year Recidivism Rates: Prison Admissions Recidivism Rate: Probation Recidivism Rate: Probation Admits [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] Recidivism Rate: Parole/Discharge Recidivism Rate: Prison Exits [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] [CATEGORY NAME] [PERCENTAGE] Iowa Department of Corrections 6
6 Technical Revocations to Prison by Most Serious Violation: June 2014 May 2015 USE/POSSESSION OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS/ PARAPHERNALIA ESCAPED FROM CONFINEMENT/CUSTODY FAILURE TO REPORT/RETURN/ABSCONSION ILLEGAL ACTIVITY WITHOUT ARREST OUT OF PLACE OF ASSIGNMENT/UNAUTHORIZED LOCATION POSSESSION OF CONTRABAND (NON WEAPON) 33 1 Work Release OWI Continuum Special Sentence Parole Probation Iowa Department of Corrections 7
7 How do we Reduce Recidivism Iowa Department of Corrections 6
8 Risk, Need, Responsivity & Core Correctional Practices Iowa Department of Corrections 7
9 What Works in Reducing Recidivism RISK PRINCIPLE: Match the intensity of individual s intervention to their risk of reoffending NEED PRINCIPLE: Target criminogenic needs, such as antisocial behavior, substance abuse, antisocial attitudes, and criminogenic peers Reentry RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE: Tailor the intervention to the learning style, motivation, culture, demographics, and abilities of the offender. Address the issues that affect responsivity (e.g., mental illnesses) Iowa Department of Corrections 8
10 The Risk Principle Tells us WHO to target Supervision and treatment should match risk level Target higher risk offenders with the most intensive interventions Violating this principle can increase recidivism Iowa Department of Corrections 13
11 Defining Risk Criminogenic Risk: Crime type Failure to appear Sentence or disposition Risk = How likely a person is to commit a crime or violate the conditions of supervision Iowa Department of Corrections 14
12 Before assessing risk of re offending High Supervision/ Program Intensity Moderate Supervision/ Program Intensity Low Supervision/ Program Intensity LOW RISK 10% re arrested Risk of Re offending MODERATE RISK 35% re arrested HIGH RISK 70% re arrested n =? n =? n =? Iowa Department of Corrections 11
13 After assessing risk of re offending High Supervision/ Program Intensity Moderate Supervision/ Program Intensity Low Supervision/ Program Intensity LOW RISK 10% re arrested Risk of Re offending MODERATE RISK 35% re arrested HIGH RISK 70% re arrested Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Iowa Department of Corrections 12
14 After applying the risk principle High Supervision/ Program Intensity Moderate Supervision/ Program Intensity Low Supervision/ Program Intensity LOW RISK 10% re arrested Risk of Re offending MODERATE RISK 35% re arrested HIGH RISK 70% re arrested Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Iowa Department of Corrections 13
15 Given scarce resources, prioritize people most likely to re offend High Supervision/ Program Intensity Moderate Supervision/ Program Intensity Low Supervision/ Program Intensity LOW RISK 10% re arrested Risk of Re offending MODERATE RISK 35% re arrested HIGH RISK 70% re arrested Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Typically 1/3 of the population Iowa Department of Corrections 14
16 Iowa Recidivism Data 69% 31% 22% 78% High risk offender Low Risk Offender High Risk Recidivism Rate Low Risk Recidivism Rate Christensen,
17 Iowa Risk Assessment: From Prison to Community IVVI: Violence Risk Victimization Risk IRR: Reentry/General Recidivism Iowa Violence & Victimization Instrument (IVVI) 9 factors (current/prior convictions, gang membership, current age) Priority for prisons is addressing behaviors associated with violence & victimization Iowa Risk Revised (IRR) All Items from IVVI same violence & victimization focus Adds 4 community stability factors (employment, housing, substance abuse, past revocations) that indicate risk of early failure in general, especially for high IVVI risk Community priorities include general risk and assistance with offender reentry Iowa Department of Corrections 16
18 Violence Risk Valid for Prison releases (validation stats, 1,331 offenders: MCR=.380; ROC=.690) Female probationers/parolees (validation stats, 2,006 offenders: MCR=.370; ROC=.685) Male probationers/parolees (validation stats, 1,961 offenders: MCR=.415; ROC=.707): Prison Recidivism Study: Rate of Conviction Any New Violent Crime 15.1% 26.8% 46.3% 6.9% Overall Rate: 14.9% Low Moderate High Very High
19 Victimization Risk Valid for Prison releases (return to prison for new victimization crime: MCR=.412; ROC=.706) Female probationers/parolees (validation stats, any new conviction for victimization crime: MCR=.419; ROC=.709) Male probationers/parolees (validation stats, any new conviction for victimization crime: MCR=.448; ROC=.724): Prison Recidivism Study: Rate of Return to Prison New Victimization Crime 2.3% 5.9% 11.7% 19.8% Overall Rate: 9.0% Low Low/Moderate Moderate/High High
20 Overall Recidivism Rates Focus on violence & victimization without losing ability to predict general recidivism. 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 12.1% 8.7% Iowa Revised Recidivism Rates: Any New Crime or Revoked 23.4% 21.3% 34.6% 31.9% 50.6% 44.5% 62.7% 69.1% 0.0% Administrative Minimum Low Normal High Normal Intensive Females Males Base rates: 29.9% for females; 41.6% for males.
21 Dynamic Risk Assessment: From Prison to Community Responsivity Factors Stable & Protective factors Acute Factors The DRAOR Institution and Community versions share Stable and Protective Factors. The Institution DRAOR additionally contains Responsivity Factors that may prevent the offender from effectively engaging in addressing risk factors. The Community DRAOR monitors Acute Factors that could signal immediate risk for failure on supervision if not appropriately addressed. DRAOR Institutions DRAOR CBC Iowa Department of Corrections 20
22 Role of Dynamic Risk Assessment Static Risk Dynamic Risk Who is at risk to re offend When that person is at risk to re offend Static & dynamic risk instruments can be used together; when this is done, accuracy is improved, as are client outcomes 21
23 Needs Principle Tells us WHAT to target Target criminogenic needs (dynamic risk factors) Iowa Department of Corrections 24
24 What are we Assessing? Criminogenic Needs RECALL: Criminogenic Needs are dynamic risk factors that are predictive of criminal behavior Targets of correctional treatment Lays the foundation for effective intervention by directing resources to those risk factors linked to criminal behavior Iowa Department of Corrections 23
25 Major Risk Factors Top 8 Risk Factors Presence of Antisocial Behavior Antisocial Personality Pattern Antisocial Attitudes Big 4 Antisocial Associates Poor Family and/or Marital Relationships Low levels of performance and satisfaction in school and/or work Lack of pro social leisure activities Substance Abuse Iowa Department of Corrections 26
26 Big 4 Risk Factors Antisocial attitudescognitions, values, beliefs, and rationalizations supportive of crime History of antisocial behavior early and continuing involvement in a number and variety of antisocial acts Antisocial personality pattern adventurous pleasure seeking, weak self control, restlessly aggressive Antisocial peers close associations with criminal others and relative isolation from pro social others Iowa Department of Corrections 27
27 Recidivism Reductions as a Function of Targeting Multiple Criminogenic vs. Non Criminogenic Needs 60% Better outcomes 50% 40% Poorer outcomes 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% More criminogenic than non criminogenic needs More non criminogenic than criminogenic needs (Andrews, Dowden, & Gendreau, 1999; Dowden, 1998) Iowa Department of Corrections 29
28 Desistance: A Process Not an Event Criminal Lifestyle Skills Skills Skills Giving up crime is a process that takes time and effort. Skills Skills Crime Free Lifestyle Desistance is a process of adding to a person s skills and enhancing their strengths in positive ways. 27
29 Enhancing Desistance Protective Factors: Age (Francis & others, 2007) Quality Marriages & Employment (Sampson & Laub, 2005; Uggen, 2000) Other Prosocial Relationships (Burnett & McNeill, 2006) Education (Petras & others, 2004) Volunteerism (from self focus to other focus) (Kosterman & others, 2005) Agency (belief in ability to change) (Maruna, 2001; Sampson & Laub, 2005) 28
30 Protective Factors Mitigate Risk Iowa Department of Corrections 29
31 Responsivity Principle Tells us HOW to target criminogenic needs General responsivity Should utilize cognitive/behavioral/social learning models Specific responsivity Address barriers to treatment Examples: motivation, gender, mental health Iowa Department of Corrections 31
32 Utilize cognitive behavioral interventions The best science we have indicates that we need to focus on changing thinking to reduce recidivism Cognitive Restructuring focus on an offender s beliefs and thinking and model and practice cognitive skills Social skills (active listening, responding to the feelings of others, responding to anger and dealing with an accusation) Problem solving skills (stop and think, describe the problem, get information to set a goal, considering choices and consequences, action planning and evaluation) CBT is most impactful in a community setting and works best with higherrisk individuals Iowa Department of Corrections 31
33 Most Effective Behavioral Models with Offenders Structured social learning where new skills and behaviors are modeled Positive Reinforcement (4 to 1) Cognitive behavioral approaches that target criminogenic risk factors Iowa Department of Corrections 33
34 Behavioral vs Non behavioral Programs Nonbehavioral (N=83) Behavioral (N=41) Andrews, D.A An Overview of Treatment Effectiveness. Research and Clinical Principles, Department of Psychology, Carleton University. The N refers to the number of studies. Iowa Department of Corrections 34
35 Core Correctional Practices Iowa Department of Corrections 34
36 Core Correctional Practices (making contact count) Quality of contact cannot be underestimated How the time is used is critically important Modeling prosocial behavior Using behavioral techniques (reinforcement, modeling, antisocial discouragement, practice) Iowa Department of Corrections 38
37 Core Correctional Practices (CCPs) CCPS are consistent with general responsivity principles CCPS are largely based on SL and CB techniques Staff members should view themselves as agents of change Relationships, modeling, and skill development Iowa Department of Corrections 39
38 Core Correctional Practices Appropriate use of authority Appropriate modeling and reinforcement Skill building and problem solving strategies Effective use of community resources Relationship factors Iowa Department of Corrections 40
39 Coercion versus Support Coercive Techniques Criminal Behavior Social Supports To respect the human change process, occasions where positive achievements are rewarded should OUTWEIGH punishment at a ratio of 4 to 1 (Gendreau & others, 1994; Maruna & others, 2004) 38
40 How a Staff Can Have No Impact on Crime Don t bother developing a professional alliance with the offender Only meet with the offender for ten minutes at a time Spend the session monitoring conditions instead of the influences on crime Focus on catching them doing things wrong Use confrontation and external control to get compliance Iowa Department of Corrections 39
41 Having an Impact on Crime Spend 20 minutes or more in sessions Focus on catching them doing things right and affirm those Build a meaningful alliance with offenders; help them see you as wanting them to succeed Focus on skill building in the criminogenic areas and practice them Require that the offender take action (i.e., do homework) Iowa Department of Corrections 47
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