Module 30. Learning by Observation
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1 Module 30 Learning by Observation 1
2 Module 30 Describe the process of observational learning, and explain how some scientists believe it is enabled by mirror neurons. Discuss the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling. 2
3 Observational Learning Can we learn new behaviors and skills without conditioning and reward? Without direct experience? Yes, and one of the ways we do so is by : Skills required:, being able to picture ourselves doing the same action,, noticing consequences and association, and, the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors. Bandura suggests we are especially likely to learn from people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, as admirable. 3
4 Mirror Neurons. The brain s mirroring of another s action may enable imitation and empathy. Allows us to grasp others states of mind. Example: In one experiment, a monkey watching another selecting certain pictures to gain treats learned to imitate the order of choices. Example: show similar brain activity between a person experiencing pain, and their loved one empathizing and watching it happen. (movie character smoking, smokers brains simulate smoking. 4
5 Observational Learning Process We look, we mentally imitate, and we learn. the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior (experienced indirectly, through others) Vicarious reinforcement and punishment means our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behaviors 5
6 Bobo Doll Experiment pioneer researcher in observational learning (1961) children exposed to an adult taking out their frustrations on a Bobo doll would imitate the very acts (punching, kicking, throwing) they had observed and used the very same novel stimuli ( sock him in the nose ) they had heard YouTube Video: Bobo Doll 6
7 7
8 Prosocial Effects of Observational Learning What is the impact of prosocial modeling? Prosocial Behavior Prosocial models can have prosocial effects! Behavior modeling is Able to teach actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups, and follow moral codes and social norms Example: parents try to teach positive behavior through lectures, but it may be taught best though modeling. Example: business organizations use behavior modeling to help new employees learn communications, sales, and customer service skills. 8
9 Antisocial effects of Observational Learning What happens when we learn from models who demonstrate antisocial behavior,? Children who witness violence in their homes, but not physically harmed themselves, may grow to hate violence but still may become violent more often than the average child. Perhaps this is a result of the Bobo doll effect? Under stress, when we don t have time to THINK rationally, we do what has been modeled for us. 9
10 Media Models of Violence Do we learn antisocial behavior such as violence from indirect observations of others in the media? TV shows and Internet videos are a POWERFUL source of observational learning. They teach us about a CERTAIN type of life that is far from reality. Research shows that viewing media violence leads to increased aggression (fights) and reduced prosocial behavior (such as helping an injured person). 10
11 The perfect recipe for the violence viewing effect An analysis of more than 3000 network and cable programs aired during one closely studied year revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, that 74% of the violence went unpunished, that 58% did not nearly show the victims pain, that nearly half the incidents involved justified violence, and that nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. This violence-viewing effect might be explained by imitation, and also by desensitization (prolonged exposure) toward pain in others.
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