Classical Conditioning. Learning. Classical conditioning terms. Classical Conditioning Procedure. Procedure, cont. Important concepts
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1 Learning Classical Conditioning Pavlov study of digestion dogs salivate before getting food learning as signal detection: emphasis on what happens before a given behavior Classical conditioning terms Stimulus: provokes a response Response: behavior elicited by a stimulus Unconditioned: unlearned, often times a reflex behavior Conditioned: learned Classical Conditioning Procedure Neutral stimulus -> no response (ring a bell, no response) unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response (provide food, salivation response) want to teach the dog that the sound of a bell signals that food is on its way Procedure, cont. Ring the bell, present the food, salivation (CS) (UCS) (UCR) do this several times and eventually get Ring the bell, salivation (even before food is presented) (CS -> CR) note that salivation is CR now, it is a learned response to the bell! Important concepts Timing extinction (non-) spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination 1
2 Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner behaviors are influenced by their consequences actions that are followed by tend to be repeated (Thorndike) An event which strengthens a response - it increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again Positive - encourages a response by the presentation or increase in intensity of something reinforcing (pleasant) Negative - NOT the same as punishment; it encourages a response in that the response avoids or removes something unpleasant Primary - an effective reinforcer without having been associated with other reinforcers (like a US), for example, food to a hungry person or rat Secondary - is only effective after having been associated with a primary reinforcer (e.g. $) 2
3 Skinner s research Operant conditioning chamber naïve rat baseline measure of bar presses shaping process shaping Reinforcement for successive approximations to the target behavior when rat learns that pressing the bar results in food, it presses repeatedly til full Schedules of Continuous - get reinforced every time one does the target behavior partial - four types (also called intermittent ) partial schedules Fixed ratio - reinforced after a set number of times a behavior has taken place (get a high rate of response with a pause after ) Partial (cont) Variable ratio - rate of reinforcers to response is varied, not predictable, based on an average get a steady response, e.g. slot machine gambling Partial (cont) Fixed interval - reinforced after a set amount of time has passed since the last (still have to do the behavior) burst of behavior right around that time 3
4 Partial Variable interval - reinforced after a varied amount of time get a slow, steady rate of response (fishing) punishment An event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur. It can be unpleasant itself or take away something pleasant Punishment & Positive - add something pleasant to encourage a behavior negative - avoid or remove something unpleasant by the behavior Punishment & Positive punishment - add something unpleasant to stop a behavior negative punishment - remove something pleasant to stop a behavior Application to parenting 1. Positive - catch them being good and reinforce that! 2. Non- - leads to extinction of behavior - ignore behavior you don t like Parenting (cont.) Natural consequences - let the child experience the consequences of the behavior alone - spilling means cleaning up, not getting paper done on time means getting a lower grade 4
5 Parenting (cont.) Punishment - suppresses a response - best to use in combination with positive (reward an alternative response) and teaching. New view of time out. Problems with punishment and reward See your text for specific information on the problems of punishment as well as the problems of rewards!!! 5
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