The Scientific Method Scientific method

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2 The Scientific Method Scientific method the process scientists use to investigate a problem, question, and/or observation

3 Steps in the Scientific Method I. Making Observations and Asking Questions (leads to a problem to investigate) II. Developing a Hypothesis III. Doing the Experiment (includes identifying variables, constants, and control group and writing a procedure) IV. Collecting and Analyzing Data V. Forming a Conclusion VI. Communication

4 1.3 The Scientific Method: Making Observations An observation is when you use your senses to obtain information. There are 2 types of observations: Quantitative: involve numbers and measurements Qualitative: use your 5 senses

5 1.3 The Scientific Method: Making Observations Observations vs. Inferences Inference: a logical explanation for an observation; not a fact Can only be used in the conclusion of a lab Observations That plant is extremely wilted. The car stopped running The Sox are leading their division Inferences That plant is extremely wilted due to a lack of water. The car stopped running because it was out of gas. The Sox are leading their division because they are playing well right now.

6 1.3 The Scientific Method: Developing a Hypothesis Hypothesis a prediction for a question; a proposed explanation for an observation written as an if then statement Example: If I put more weight on the pirate ship ride, then it will slow down because the extra weight will cause it to not flow as freely.

7 1.3 The Scientific Method: Doing the Experiment Experiment a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis Variables Factors that change in an experiment Groups The people or things tested in an experiment Procedure A detailed, step-by-step description of how you will conduct your experiment; includes the materials needed

8 Variables Independent variable: The factor that the experimenter changes during the experiment; if you are the experimenter you say it s the variable I change; follows if in a hypothesis Example: If I change the weight in the pirate ship ride Dependent variable: The factor that changes in response to the independent variable; experimenter makes observations of this variable; follows then in a hypothesis Example:, then the number of swings will reduce. Constants Factors that stay the same throughout the entire experiment Example: length of pendulum s swing, height at which pendulum is dropped, person who drops pendulum

9 1.3 Control group Groups The group of people or things that is NOT influenced by the independent variable, and is used to compare to the experimental group Example: A pirate ship that has NO weight in it. Experimental group The group of people or things that is influenced by the independent variable, and is compared to the control group Example: The pirate ships with weight in them.

10 Testing Experiments require many trials to improve accuracy Trials Repetitions of testing during the experiment

11 Scientific Method: Collect & Analyze Data Data: recorded observations made during an experiment; can be qualitative and quantitative Data table: a visual display of data using rows and columns; typically organized by trials (repetitions during the experiment)

12 Draw a Data Table Micah asked all of his classmates what their favorite animals are. He found that 12 students liked dogs, 5 students liked cats, 3 students like horses, and 1 student liked bearded dragons.

13 Scientific Method: Collect & Analyze Data Graph: a visual display of quantitative data there are four major parts to a graph: Title Dependent Variable Axis Scales Independent Variable

14 Draw a Graph Favorite Animals of Ms. Henry s Class Animal Number of Students Dog 12 Cats 5 Horses 3 Bearded Dragons 1 Title Dependent Variable Axis Scales Independent Variable

15 Scientific Method: Writing a Conclusion Conclusion: Completed at the end of an investigation Summarizes the purpose and the results of the investigation Makes recommendations for future testing

16 Scientific Method: Writing a Conclusion For example: We conducted an experiment that answered how weight affects In our the investigation, speed of swings. we hypothesized In our investigation, that we hypothesized During our experiment, that if you put we more found weight that in a.. pirate Our ship, then hypothesis speed was of the supported/not swings will slow supported down. During our experiment, because. we In the found future, that the we more suggest washers we put in the pirate ship, the faster the pirate ship swung. Our hypothesis was not supported because the pirate ship went faster when more weight was added. This is probably due to the fact that they pirate ship had more energy because of the mass. In the future, we suggest that someone test whether the height of the pirate ship makes the pirate ship ride slow down.

17 Let s put our knowledge of the Scientific Method to a realistic example that includes some of the terms you ll be needing to use and understand.

18 Making Observations John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

19 Initial Observation Problem/Question John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

20 Developing a Hypothesis John researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.

21 Developing a Hypothesis After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.

22 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Independent Variable The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that s intentionally varied by the experimenter. Independent variable: The amount of sugar John is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.

23 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Dependent Variables The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable. Dependent Variable: the size of the loaf of bread

24 Doing the Experiment: Procedure/Materials His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. The materials list must be VERY complete. How much of each material will be used in the experiment (25-mL of water or 250-mL of water) The size of all equipment (ex 25-mL beaker or 250-mL beaker) Every step of the experiment is included Each step is short Then she discusses with John how to determine the control group.

25 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Control Group Remember: In a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison. The control group may be no treatment or an experimenter selected group.

26 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Control Group Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group.

27 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Constants John s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar. What would be some constants for John s experiment?

28 Doing the Experiment: Identify the Constants They might include: 1. Other ingredients to the bread recipe 2. Oven used 3. Rise time 4. Brand of ingredients 5. Cooking time 6. Type of pan used 7. Air temperature 8. Humidity where the bread was rising 9. Oven temperature 10. Age of the yeast etc.

29 Doing the Experiment: Procedure John writes out his procedure for his experiment along with a materials list in his journal. He has both of these checked by his teacher where she checks for any safety concerns.

30 Trials Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

31 Collect and Analyze Results John comes up with a table he can use to record his data. John gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment.

32 SIZE OF BAKED BREAD (LxWxH) cm 3 Amt. of Sugar (g.) Average Size (cm 3 ) Control group Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials

33 Collect and Analyze Results John examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar.

34 Conclusion John s hypothesis is unsupported so John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

35 Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf.

36 Communicate the Results John tells his grandmother about his findings and prepares to present his project in Science class.

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