CHAPTER 11 PREVIEW - PERSONALITY

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1 CHAPTER 11 PREVIEW - PERSONALITY Psychodynamic Humanistic Trait Personological / Life Story Social Cognitive Biological Assessment Health and Wellness Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-1

2 PERSONALITY a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-2

3 PERSONALITY Personality refers to an individual s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits In other words - an individual s unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-3

4 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious. Understanding personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind Early childhood experiences sculpt the individual s personality Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-4

5 FREUD S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud and Psychoanalysis sex drive main determinant of personality development Hysteria physical symptoms without physical cause overdetermined multiple unconscious causes Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-5

6 PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH THREE LEVELS OF AWARENESS Conscious all things we are aware of at any given moment Preconscious everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Unconscious inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-6

7 Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Unconscious Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-7

8 Conscious Ego Reality Principle Secondary-process Thinking Preconscious Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Unconscious Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-8

9 Conscious Superego Moral Imperatives Ego Reality Principle Secondary-process Thinking Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Preconscious Unconscious Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-9

10 PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Id instincts and reservoir of psychic energy pleasure principle Ego deals with the demands of reality reality principle Superego moral branch of personality; conscience Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-10

11 DEFENSE MECHANISMS Conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety. Defense Mechanisms reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality not necessarily unhealthy Repression push unacceptable impulses out of awareness foundation for all defense mechanisms Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-11

12 PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality Ego Superego Id Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-12

13 ID: THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE Pleasure principle drive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive Sources of energy Eros life instinct, perpetuates life Thanatos death instinct, aggression, self-destructive actions (KOᴙN) Libido sexual energy or motivation Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-13

14 EGO: THE REALITY PRINCIPLE Reality principle the ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality Ego rational, organized, logical, mediator to demands of reality Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-14

15 SUPEREGO: CONSCIENCE Internalization of societal and parental values (rules) Partially unconscious Can be harshly punitive, using feelings of guilt (beat yourself up) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-15

16 EGO Holds Urges in Check With Reality Gratify Urges Immediately Holds Urges in Check With Morality ID Superego Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-16

17 Intrapsychic Conflict (Between Id, Ego, and Superego) Anxiety Reliance on Defense Mechanisms Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-17

18 DEFENSE MECHANISMS Repression: forget the unacceptable Rationalization: claim different motive Displacement: shift feelings to new object Sublimation: transform vile to valuable Projection: attribute own faults to others Reaction Formation: convert to opposite emotion Denial: disbelieve present reality Regression: revert to earlier, safer period Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-18

19 Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-19

20 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES Stage one Oral Stage: 0-18 Months infant s pleasure centers on the mouth Stage two Anal Stage: Months child s pleasure involves eliminative functions Stage 3 - Phallic Stage: 3-6 Years child s pleasure focuses on the genitals Oedipal & Electra complexes castration anxiety Penis envy Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-20

21 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES (CONT D) Latency Stage: 6 Years Puberty psychic time-out interest in sexuality is repressed Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood sexual reawakening source of sexual pleasure is someone else Fixation - Remain locked in particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-21

22 Stage Approximate Age Erotic Focus Key Tasks and Experience Oral 0-1 Mouth (Sucking, Biting) Weaning (From Breast or Bottle) Anal 2-3 Anus (Expelling or Retaining Feces) Toilet Training Phallic 4-5 Genitals (Masturbating) Identifying with Adult Role Models; Coping With Oedipal Crisis Latency 6-12 None (Sexually Repressed) Expanding Social Contracts Genital Puberty Onward Genitals (Being Sexually Intimate) Establishing Intimate Relationships; Contributing to Society Through Working Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-22

23 DISSENTERS AND REVISIONISTS Sexuality not pervasive force behind personality Early Experience not as powerful as Freud thought Importance of Conscious thought Sociocultural Influences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-23

24 DISSENTERS AND REVISIONISTS x Horney s Sociocultural Approach both sexes envy the attributes of the other (womb envy) need for security, not sex, is primary motivator Jung s Analytical Theory collective unconscious and archetypes (Bonus question What is the collective unconscious?) Adler s Individual Psychology perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-24

25 EVALUATING PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY Criticisms too much emphasis on early experiences too much faith in unconscious mind s control too much emphasis on sexual instincts theory can not be tested Contributions importance of childhood experiences development proceeds in stages role of unconscious processes Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-25

26 HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES emphasis on a person s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. The 3 Humanistic perspectives include: 1) Carl Rogers Person Centered Therapy, 2) Gestalt, & 3) Existential perspective Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-26

27 HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Abraham Maslow third force psychology self-actualization peak experiences biased since focus was on highly successful individuals Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-27

28 Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-28

29 Characteristics of Self-actualizing People Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Autonomy, independence of culture and environment Feelings of kinship and identification with the human race Balance between polarities in personality, etc. Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Culture and Personality 12-29

30 HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Carl Rogers personal growth and self-determination unconditional positive regard conditions of worth self-concept empathy genuineness Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-30

31 EVALUATING HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Contributions self-perception is key to personality consider the positive aspects of human nature emphasize conscious experience Criticisms too optimistic about human nature promotes self-love and narcissism Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-31

32 TRAIT PERSPECTIVES Trait an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses traits are the building blocks of personality Trait Theories people can be described by their typical behavior strong versus weak tendencies Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-32

33 TRAIT PERSPECTIVES Gordon Allport personality understood through traits behavior consistent across situations lexical approach 4500 traits W. T. Norman five factor model The Big 5 broad traits main dimensions of personality Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-33

34 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Openness Imaginative Practical Variety Routine Independent Conforming Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-34

35 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Openness Imaginative Practical Conscientiousness Organized Disorganized Careful Careless Disciplined Impulsive Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-35

36 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Openness Imaginative Practical Conscientiousness Organized Disorganized Extraversion Sociable Retiring Fun-loving Somber Affectionate Reserved Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-36

37 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Openness Imaginative Practical Conscientiousness Organized Disorganized Extraversion Sociable Retiring Agreeableness Softhearted Ruthless Trusting Suspicious Helpful Uncooperative Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-37

38 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Openness Imaginative Practical Conscientiousness Organized Disorganized Extraversion Sociable Retiring Agreeableness Softhearted Ruthless Neuroticism / Stability Calm Anxious Secure Insecure Self-Satisfied Self-Pitying Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-38

39 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Do the big five show up in the assessment of personality in cultures around the world? Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-39

40 FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY Do the big five personality traits show up in animals? Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-40

41 EVALUATING TRAIT PERSPECTIVES Contributions traits influence health, cognitions, career success, and interpersonal relations Criticisms ignores the role of the situation in behavior ignores nuances of an individual s personality Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-41

42 PERSONOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES focusing on an individual s life history or life story Henry Murray personology: the study of the whole person motives are largely unconscious thematic apperception test (TAT) need for achievement, affiliation, and power Criminal Profiling Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-42

43 LIFE STORY APPROACH Dan McAdams our life story is our identity intimacy motivation Psychobiography applying personality theory to one person s life Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-43

44 EVALUATING LIFE STORY APPROACH Contributions rich record of an individual s experience Criticisms difficult and time-consuming extensive coding and content analysis prone to bias not easily generalized Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-44

45 SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES Emphasis is on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. Incorporates principles from behaviorism when exploring: Reasoning Beliefs self reflection interpretation of situation Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-45

46 SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES Albert Bandura reciprocal determinism behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality Key Processes and Variables observational learning personal control self-efficacy Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-46

47 RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM Behavior Person and cognitive factors Environment Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-47

48 SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES Walter Mischel Situationalism behavior and personality vary considerably across context CAPS Model of Personality stability over time rather than across situations interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behavior Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-48

49 EVALUATING SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY Contributions focuses on interactions of individuals with their environments suggests people can control their environment Criticisms too concerned with change and the situation ignores the role of biology very specific predictions hinder generalization Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-49

50 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Personality and the Brain brain damage alters personality brain responses correlate with personality Eysenk s Reticular Activation System Theory extraverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal Gray s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-50

51 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Role of Neurotransmitters growth of dopamine receptors stimulated by warm care-givers disposes person to rewardsensitivity (extraversion) less serotonin in circulation leads to negative mood (neuroticism) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-51

52 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Behavioral Genetics twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence on Big Five traits most traits influenced by multiple genes Evaluating the Biological Perspective ties personality to animal learning, brain imaging, and evolutionary theory criticisms (e.g., biology may be the affect, not the cause, of personality) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-52

53 PERSONALITY STABILITY VS CHANGE Traits are stable by definition yet positive traits increase across adulthood (social maturity). Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-53

54 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Self-Report Tests beware social desirability empirically-keyed tests used to get around social desirability problem test takers do not know what is being measured test items not related to purpose of test MMPI is an example Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-54

55 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 567 items controls for social desirability assesses mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal risk Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory-Revised assesses the big five factors and 6 subdimensions Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-55

56 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Myers Briggs Type Indicator four dimensions used to make personnel decisions: - extraversion-introversion - sensing-intuiting - thinking-feeling - judgment-perception not empirically supported Barnum effect Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-56

57 Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-57

58 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Projective Tests psychodynamic approach project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli Rorschach Inkblot Test personality score based on description of inkblots questionable reliability and validity Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-58

59 PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Projective Tests psychodynamic approach project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time elicited stories reveal an individual s personality Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-59

60 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS Direct Behavioral Observation Cognitive Assessment of Attention and Memory Peer Ratings Psychophysiological Measures (e.g., polygraph) Brain Imaging Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-60

61 HEALTH AND WELLNESS Personality Traits Correlated with Health conscientiousness personal control self efficacy optimism type A/type B behavior pattern Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-61

62 HEALTH AND WELLNESS Subjective Well-Being A person s assessment of own positive affect relative to negative affect, and evaluation of own life in general. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-62

63 CHAPTER REVIEW Define personality Summarize the psychodynamic perspectives. Describe humanistic perspectives. Describe the trait perspectives. Describe the personological and life story perspectives. Describe the social cognitive perspectives. Describe the biological perspectives. Characterize the main methods of personality assessment. Summarize how personality relates to health and wellness. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 12-63