Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence and Dance Achievement of University Student Majoring in Dance

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1 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(25), DOI: /ijst/2016/v9i25/97222, July 2016 ISSN (Print) : ISSN (Online) : Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence and Dance Achievement of University Student Majoring in Dance Han Hae-Won 1 and Kim Young-Mee 2 * 1 Department of Coaching, Kunghee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi , Republic of Korea; han1565@hanmail.net 2 Department of Physical Education, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk , Republic of Korea; kimym@seowon.ac.kr Abstract Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was identifying the influence of self-management on dance confidence and dance achievement of university student majoring in dance. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The survey was conducted of 320 university student majoring in dance based in Seoul and Gyeonggi region. Questionnaires were used as the investigation tool as a purposive sampling method in which a total of 303 copies excluding 17 insincere responses were used for final analysis. Materials were analyzed using frequency analysis, factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Findings: It was revealed that participants of 2nd and 4th grade higher than 1st and 3rd grade in self-management and participants of 4th grade higher than other grade in confidence. And participants of modern dance were higher than that of traditional dance and ballet. Dance achievement was higher as dance career was higher. The training management and mental management had a positive influence on performance confidence and activity confidence. The training and mental management had a positive influence on practical ability achievement. And training, mental and performance management had a positive influence on understanding ability achievement. The confidence of university dancer is higher as dance achievement is higher. Application/Improvements: The self-management of dancers have an overall positive effect not only on dance confidence, but also on dance achievement, with a particularly significant influence on practical skill and comprehension ability achievement. Keywords: Confidence, Dance Achievement, Dance, Self-management 1. Introduction The field of dance considers self-management as important. Su-jin Kang, the ballerina who is the world-famous dancer over 30 years since joining Stuttgart Ballet as youngest ballerina when her age was 18 years old. Her motive power is also from a thorough self-management and enormous practice. The self-management is the ability to modify the environment of self and control the behavioral outcome including various aspects like one s behavior and life using specific technique or plan 1. Therefore, the self-management is very important on various aspects for growing excellent dancer who can expressing visual beauty using one s body. The selfmanagement as important factor for dancer who always prepares the performance with continuing creation and practice can reduce a physical and mental pressure and improve efficacy of training, successful performing and dance achievement 2. In particular, university students majoring in dance are under stress by following reasons like excessive practicing, test, confidence loss by gaining weight and fallen grade which are accounting 80% of all 3. *Author for correspondence

2 Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence and Dance Achievement of University Student Majoring in Dance Thus proper coping and maintaining by self-management is critical factor for achievement and satisfaction of dancer. The self-management of dancer, which can form affirmative emotion, maintain and improve mental, emotional health like stability with music and rhythm. So they participate in dance not only for self-improvement, but also for self-confidence or practical achievement. The dance achievement meaning level of accomplishing one s ability of dance is most basic and important goal for university dancers and a major factor considering significantly by parents and teachers 4. Dancers earn dance achievement through physical and mental training and difficulty of creation in a performance expressing inner side of dancer to audience. It is important to examine the correlation between related factors with dance achievement and influences between these factors for identifying how to improve the dance achievement. The dance confidence, meanwhile, is a significant parameter between self-management and dance achievement. Confidence which means a belief to be able to perform necessary actions successfully for outcomes desired, that is a conviction of success, determines an amount of choice and effort of ways for achieving something 5,6. Also it is a belief one can display optimal talent for dancer. The dance confidence is a fact that one has the abilities to perform the courses of dance required to achieve prospective behavior circumstances. It can be improved by thorough self-management and affected significantly on performance satisfaction, interest, performing outcome and achievement 7. The confidence of dancer enhances not artistic achievement also satisfaction of school life and life overall. It is a meaningful keyword affected to prevention of dropout on development of dancer and dance area and nurturing elite dancers. Therefore, the self-management is very important on various aspects for growing excellent dancer who can expressing visual beauty using one s body. This study was to identify a necessity and connection of self-management and relevance and influence between confidence and dance achievement for suggestion how to improve the achievement, major and life satisfaction of university dancers. Ultimately, it is expected to provide references for being elite dancer who can do the best performance with confidence and processing ability by self-management. 2. Research Method 2.1 Study Subjects For this study, a survey was conducted to 320 of university students who major in dance from Seoul and Gyeonggi region with purposive sampling. 303 samples (traditional dance 21.1%, ballet 34.0%, modern dance 44.9%) used in analysis. The general characteristics of the study subjects are as seen in Table Study Tools A questionnaire of self-management of dancer developed by 8, a questionnaire of dance confidence that was developed by 9 and later revised by 7 was used. And a questionnaire of dance achievement used by 10 were used for conducting all survey after modifying to be fit for the purpose of this study. All of questionnaires were 5-point Likert-scale from strongly disagreed to strongly agreed. A result of validity of questionnaires used this study see Table Procedure and Data Analysis Researcher and assistant researcher with prior experience in surveying made a visit to the department of dance in university chosen for this study, distributed question- Table 1. Characteristics of participants Variables Number Percentage(%) Variables Number Percentage(%) Gender Male Major Traditional dance Female Ballet Modern dance Grade Dance under 4 years career 5-6 years years over 9 years Indian Journal of Science and Technology

3 Han Hae-Won and Kim Young-Mee Table 2. Results of factor analysis for health perception and lifestyle Self-management Confidence Dance ability achievement Physical Items Items Training Mental Interpersonal Performance Performing Activity Items Practical Understanding Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Con Ach Mng Ach Mng Ach Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Mng Eigen-value Variance(%) Accumu. (%) Reliability Table 3. Differences between self-management, confidence, dance achievement by demographic characteristics Variables Characteristics Self-management Confidence Dance achievement Gender Male 3.46± ± ±.61 Female 3.39± ± ±.54 t Grade 1st(a) 3.36± ± ±.51 2nd(b) 3.39± ± ±.47 3rd(c) 3.34± ± ±.61 4th(d) 3.62± ± ±.55 F/ Scheffe 4.036**/ b,d>a,c 5.212**/ d>a,b,c 3.405*/ d>a.b,c Major type Traditional dance(a) 3.32± ± ±.53 Ballet(b) 3.43± ± ±.49 Modern dance(c) 3.41± ± ±.60 F/ Scheffe **/ c>a,b 3.254*/ c>b Dance career Under 4 yrs(a) 3.42± ± ± yrs(b) 3.30± ± ± yrs(c) 3.42± ± ±.60 Over 9 yrs(d) 3.46± ± ±.59 F/ Scheffe */ d>a,b *p<.05, **p<.01 Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3

4 Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence and Dance Achievement of University Student Majoring in Dance naires in person and asked the respondents to fill them by themselves (self-administration method) and they collected the completed questionnaires. The researchers explained the purpose of the study to the advisory teachers before visiting the university and asked them to conduct the survey between classes. Collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis to examine validity. Also, correlation analysis, frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed. 3. Results 3.1 Differences between Self-management, Confidence, Dance Achievement by Demographic Characteristics The result of differences between self-management, dance confidence, and dance achievement by demographic characteristics is displayed in Table 3. There were significant differences in self-management (F=4.036, p<.01), confidence (F=5.212, p<.01) and dance achievement (F=3.405, p<.05) according to grade. It was revealed that participants of 2nd and 4th grade higher than 1st and 3rd grade in self-management and participants of 4th grade higher than other grade in confidence by conducting post-hoc test. There were significant differences in confidence (F=6.030, p<.01) and dance achievement (F=3.254, p<.05) according to major type. It was identified that participants of modern dance were higher than that of traditional dance and ballet by conducting post-hoc test. There was a significant difference in dance achievement (F=2.841, p<.05) according to dance career. Dance achievement was higher as dance career was higher. 3.2 Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence Correlation between Factors To examine each correlation between self-management, dance confidence, and dance achievement Pearson s coefficient is calculated as Table 4. According to analysis, Table 4. Correlation analysis of self-management, confidence, and dance achievement Variables training management 1 2. mental management.355** 1 3. interpersonal.314**.431** 1 management 4. interpersonal.247**.317**.287** 1 management 5. performance management.318**.582**.521**.315** 1 6. performance confidence.377**.488**.274**.241**.338** 1 7. activity confidence.423**.437**.215**.168**.358**.628** 1 8. practical ability.443**.525**.292**.311**.343**.536**.677** 1 achievement 9. understanding ability achieve.427**.456**.403**.278**.467**.490**.500**.563** 1 **p<.01 Table 5. Multiple regression analysis of influence of self-management on dance confidence Self-management Dance confidence Performance confidence Activity confidence Variables B β t B β t Constant *** *** Training *** *** Mental *** *** Interpersonal Physical Performance R²/F R²=.291, F=24.114*** R²=.283, F=23.170*** **p<.01, ***p< Indian Journal of Science and Technology

5 Han Hae-Won and Kim Young-Mee Table 6. Multiple regression analysis of influence of self-management on dance achievement Self-management Dance achievement Practical ability Understanding ability Variables B β t B β t Constant ** *** Training *** *** Mental *** ** Interpersonal Physical Performance ** R²/F R²=.368, F=34.250** R²=.352, F=31.890*** Table 7. Multiple regression analysis of influence of dance confidence on dance achievement Variables Practical ability Understanding ability B β t B β t Constant *** *** Performance confidence ** *** Active confidence *** *** R²/ F R²=.479/ F= , R²=.301/ F=64.699, **p<.01,***p<.001 correlation coefficients between each factor were revealed under.677 which proves mutual independence of every factor without multicollinearity Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze an influence of self-management on dance confidence that is displayed in Table 5. According to analysis, self-management predicted performance confidence with 29.1% of explanation ability. And training management (β=.212) and mental management (β=.373) in self-management had a significant influence. Self-management predicted activity confidence with 28.3% of explanation ability and training management (β=.303) and mental management (β=.286) had a significant influence. 3.3 Influence of Self-management on Dance Achievement Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze an influence of self-management on dance achievement that is displayed in Table 6. Table 6 showed self-management predicted practical ability achievement with 36.8% of explanation ability and training management (β=.267) and mental management (β=.401) in self-management had a significant influence on practical ability achievement. Also it is predicted understanding ability achievement with 35.2% of explanation ability and training management (β=.242), mental management (β=.179) and performance management (β=.206) had a significant influence on understanding ability in dance achievement. 3.4 Influence of Dance Confidence on Dance Achievement Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze an influence of confidence on dance achievement and the result is displayed in Table 7. According to analysis, confidence predicted practical ability achievement with 47.9% of explanation ability and performance confidence (β=.183) and activity confidence (β=.563) in confidence had a significant influence on practical ability achievement. Also it is predicted understanding ability achievement with 30.1% of explanation ability and performance confidence (β=.291) and activity confidence (β=.317) had a significant influence on understanding ability achievement. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5

6 Influence of Self-management on Dance Confidence and Dance Achievement of University Student Majoring in Dance 4. Conclusions The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of self-management on confidence and dance achievement. Considering precedent study, results was discussed as follows. First, there were significant differences in self-management, dance confidence and dance achievement according to grade. It was revealed that participants of 2nd and 4th grade higher than 1st and 3rd grade in selfmanagement and participants of 4th grade higher than other grade in dance confidence. There were significant differences in dance confidence and dance achievement according to major type. It was identified that participants of modern dance were higher than that of traditional dance and ballet. There was a significant difference in dance achievement according to dance career. Second, training management and mental management of self-management of university student majoring in dance had an influence on dance confidence. This result is partially agreed with 11 suggested to significant effects of personal management, mental management, physical management and performance management on performance confidence and mental confidence 12,13 support our result with findings that mental management of athlete effect significantly on confidence and mental management representing victory of game or positive think about future had a highly correlated with confidence. Continuing self-management and regular practice are essential in dance so that dancer is able to having perfection of movement, competence on stage and confidence on performing dance 11. The self-management of dance major students relieves tension and anxiety in performing situation and dancing so gaining confidence. Therefore, self-management which can lead to effort and sincerity about physical and mental control of self, practice and training might improve confidence. Third, self-management had a significant influence on dance achievement. 4 study suggested a same result as this study that self-management of dancer affect on dance achievement. It is represented that dance, the art that human is the subject, is necessary to manage oneself consistently for perfect performance and achievement. Also, it is verified that a keyword of Su-jin Kang s success were highly self-management and consistent practice. Forth, it is revealed that confidence of dancer had a significant influence on dance achievement 14,15 support our result with findings that self-efficacy and self-confidence of athlete effect significantly on performance. That is, performers who have high self-efficacy always have great objectives which can be maintained and achieved. Performance accomplishments are supposed to provide the most dependable confidence information because they are based on one's own mastery experiences. One's mastery experiences affect self-confidence beliefs through cognitive processing of such information. The self-management like physical management and earnest training management makes thinking positive and developing stability so that dancers can satisfy one s achievement by high confidence on their performance. The conclusive results show that self-management by students majoring in dance have an overall positive effect not only on dance confidence, but also on dance achievement, with a particularly significant influence on practical skill ability and comprehension ability achievement. Further studies must focus on the relationship between self-management and dance achievement ability, while further in-depth consideration is required on the necessity to develop a scientific self-management educational programs for students majoring in dance. Cultural industry rules the world in 21 century leading by dreams and sensitivity 13. It is identified dancers who take an important part in cultural contents of modern society s keyword improve their satisfaction and accomplishment by self-management and confidence. Therefore, professors and coaches in school should recognize an importance of improving self-management and achievement of dance major student and pursue to application and education in fields. 5. References 1. Jones RT, Nelson RE, Kazdin AE. The role of external variables in self reinforcement: A review. Behavior Modification. 1997; 1(1): Roh JS, Hong HJ. The relationship between self-management, perfectionism and flow of dancers. Official Journal of Korean Society of Dance Science. 2010; 24(4): Guthrie EA, Black D, Shaw CM, Hamilton J, Creed FH, Tomenson B. Embarking upon a medical career: Psychological morbidity in first year medical student. Medical Education. 1995; 29(5): Yoo JS. The relation between physical self-concept and selfmanagement and dance achievement of university dance majors. The Korean Journal of Dance. 2009; 60(5 6): Indian Journal of Science and Technology

7 Han Hae-Won and Kim Young-Mee 5. Feltz DL. Self-confidence and sport performance. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews. 1988; 16(2): Bandura A. Self- efficacy; Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review. 1977; 84(1): Jeong SJ. The effects on confidence and satisfaction of dance with the propensity to achievement goal of dance degrees. Master s Thesis. Dankook University. Korea; Hur JH. Structural validation of athletes self-managerment and cause and effect model test. Ph.D. Thesis. Chungang University. Korea; Vealey RS. Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology. 1986; 8(1): Han LS. Relationships among personality trait, self-confidence, and dance achievement of university dance majors. Official Journal of Korean Society of Dance Science. 2013; 30(3): Min HJ. The influence of self-management on self-efficacy and dance confidence of university students in dance major. The Korean Journal of Dance. 2015; 73(2): Han HW. The relationship among self-management, selfconfidence and satisfaction of performance in college athletes. Journal of Korean Physical Education Association for Girls and Women. 2010; 24(3): Ministry of Culture. Cultural informatization white paper. Culture and Information Center of Ministry of Culture; Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist Feb; 37(2): Syed I, Hassan AA. State anxiety and self-efficacy among track and field low and high performers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology Feb; 9(7):1 6. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7

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