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1 Name: Period: Chapter 13 Reading Guide Personality Introduction & The Psychoanalytic Perspective (pg ) 1. Personality: 2. Why is Freud so important in psychology? (so much so that many people assume his is the most important theory) 3. Where and when did Freud work/live? 4. Freud s main technique: Free Association (Describe & what s the goal): 5. What is the point of free association? 6. Psychoanalysis: 7. How is repression central to Freud s concept of mind? 8. What do slips of the tongue reveal? 9. What s the difference between the manifest and latent content of a dream? Levels of Consciousness (Describe each): Conscious: Preconscious: Unconscious: Parts of the Personality 10. Id: 11. Ego: 12. Superego: o Pleasure principle: o Reality principle: 13. Freud s concept of the mind is often represented by an iceberg. Below, copy the drawing on p. 555 (Figure 13.1). Make sure to include: id, ego, superego, conscious, preconscious, & unconscious

2 Freud s Psychosexual Stages 14. Psychosexual Stages: a. Oral a. Age: b. Focus: b. Anal o Age: o Focus: c. Phallic o Age: o Focus: o Oedipus complex: o Electra complex: d. Latency o Age: o Focus: e. Genital o Age: o Focus: f. What did Freud believe most influences our developing identity, personality, and frailties? g. Fixate: a. Example: h. Defense Mechanisms (Purpose?): Freudian Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanism Definition Example Repression Regression Reaction Formation Projection 2

3 Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Denial 15. Describe one recent situation where you have used a defense mechanism. What happened? Which one? The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists 1. On what beliefs do neo-freudians differ from Freud? 2. What does Adler believe behavior is driven by? 3. What did Horney say childhood anxiety triggers? 4. Carl Jung s Collective Unconscious: a. Example archetype: Assessing Unconscious Processes 1. Projective tests (What are they? Why do they suit psychodynamic theory?): 2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 3. Rorschach Inkblot Test: 4. Why do critics dislike projective tests, such as the Rorschach test? Be specific. Evaluating the Psycholoanalytic Perspective 1. What is the most serious problem with Freud s theory? 3

4 2. Is repression actually as widely used as Freud s supporters tend to think? 3. False Consensus Effect (define & tie to psychoanalytic theory): 4. Terror-Management Theory (define & tie to psychoanalytic theory): The Humanistic Perspective (pg ) 1. Humanistic Theorists (basic beliefs): 2. How is humanistic theory different from behaviorism? Abraham Maslow s Self-Actualizing Person 3. Self-actualization: 4. Self-transcendence: 5. Peak-experience: 5. REVIEW: Draw the hierarchy of needs in the space below (Go back to Chp 11 to check yourself). Don t need definitions, just the names of each level. 6. What kind of people did Maslow study to form his theory? 7. List 4 characteristics of people who are self-actualizing. Carl Rogers Person-Centered Perspective 1. Roger s Person-Centered (Client Centered) Perspective focuses on three conditions being met: o Genuineness: o Acceptance: 4

5 o Empathy: 2. Unconditional positive regard: 3. Self-concept: 4. What happens if our self-concept is positive? 5. What happens if our self-concept is negative? 6. What happens when the ideal and actual self are alike? 7. What are some of the criticisms against humanist psychology? (should have at least 3) Trait Theories (pg ) 1. Traits: 2. What is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) usually used for? 3. What is factor analysis? 4. What are Eysenck s two personality dimensions? Describe each. a. Where would you be on Eysenck s introverted or extraverted? Stable or unstable? Explain. 5. Does your biology influence your personality? Discus a specific example. 6. Personality Inventories: 7. Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory (MMPI): 8. Empirically derived: 9. What is the difference between projective tests and personality inventories? 5

6 10. What are Costa & McCrae s Big Five dimensions of personality? List & describe each: C: A: N: O: E: 11. How stable are the Big Five traits in adulthood? 12. What is the person-situation controversy? 13. Overall, what is the research showing are our traits more stable over time or more changing? 14. What about situations is our personality consistent from one situation to another? The Social-Cognitive Perspective (pg ) 1. Bandura s Social-Cognitive Perspective: 2. Reciprocal Determinism: a. Example: 3. Personal Control (Julian Rotter): a. External locus of control: b. Internal locus of control: 4. Describe Martin Seligman s research with the dogs: 5. Learned helplessness: 6

7 6. Optimism v. pessimism: a. List two effects of having a pessimistic attributional style. b. What can happen if you have excessive optimism? 7. Basic beliefs of Positive Psychology (Read Close-Up on p. 581): a. Founder of this: 8. What modern psychological perspective (think of those from our hand mnemonic) is positive psychology most like? How does positive psychology primarily differ from this older perspective? 9. Why are a lot of students confused after doing badly on a test? 10. What is the best way to predict behavior in situations? 11. What do critics say about the social-cognitive theories? Exploring the Self 1. Self: 2. Spotlight effect: 3. Self-esteem: 4. Self-efficacy (check your motivation class notes): 5. What are some effects of feeling good about yourself? 7

8 6. What are some effects of having a low self-esteem? 7. Self-serving bias: a. Example: 8. Compare defensive self-esteem and secure self-esteem. Comparing Research Methods to Investigate Personality Research Method Description Perspectives Incorporating this method Case Study Survey Projective Tests (TAT & Rorschach) Personality Inventories (MMPI) Observation Experimentation 8

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