Myers Psychology for AP*

Transcription

1 Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion Unit Overview Expressed Emotion Experienced Emotion Stress and Health Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. 1

2 Theories of Emotion Theories of emotions Emotion Physiological arousal Expressive behavior Conscious experience Common sense theory Theories of emotions James-Lange theory 2

3 Theories of emotions James-Lange theory Theories of emotions James-Lange theory Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory 3

4 Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory Theories of emotions Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Theories of emotions Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer 4

5 Theories of emotions Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Theories of emotions Embodied Emotion 5

6 Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Moderate arousal is ideal Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 6

7 Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Different movie experiment Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Differences in brain activity Amygdala Frontal lobes Nucleus accumbens Polygraph 7

8 Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion Spill over effect Schachter-Singer experiment Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Influence of the amygdala Expressed Emotion 8

9 Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior 9

10 Culture and Emotional Expression Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion 10

11 Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback 11

12 Experienced Emotion Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear amygdala Anger Anger Evoked by events Catharsis Expressing anger can increase anger 12

13 Happiness Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Well-being Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson s studies Happiness Wealth and Well-Being 13

14 Happiness Wealth and Well-Being Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience Adaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others attainments Relative deprivation Happiness Predictors of Happiness 14

15 Stress and Health Introduction Health psychology Behavioral medicine Stress and Illness Stress Stress appraisal 15

16 Stress and Illness The Stress Response System Selye s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm Resistance exhaustion Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome 16

17 Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles 17

18 Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B Type A Type B Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer The End 18

19 Definition Slides Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. 19

20 Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. Two-factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). 20

21 Facial Feedback = the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness. Catharsis = emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon = people s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. 21

22 Well-being = self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people s quality of life. Adaptation-level Phenomenon = our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. Relative Deprivation = the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. 22

23 Behavioral Medicine = an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.. Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 23

24 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye s concept of the body s adaptive response to stress in three phases alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America. Type A = Friedman and Rosenman s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. 24

25 Type B = Friedman and Rosenman s term for easygoing, relaxed people. Psychophysiological Illness = literally, mind-body illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. 25

26 Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. 26