Experimental Design. Thomas Wolbers Space and Aging Laboratory Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems
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1 Experimental Design Thomas Wolbers Space and Aging Laboratory Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems
2 Overview Design of functional neuroimaging studies Categorical designs Factorial designs Parametric designs fmri adaptation Control conditions Trial timing
3 Categorical Designs Subtraction logic in psychophysics Assumption of pure insertion: you can insert a component process into a task without disrupting the other components you can estimate duration of a cognitive process by comparing reaction times between different conditions F.C. Donders
4 Categorical Designs T1: Simple Reaction Time Hit button when you see a light Detect Stimulus Press Button T2: Discrimination Reaction Time Hit button when light is green but not red Detect Stimulus Discriminate Color Press Button T3: Choice Reaction Time Hit left button when light is green and right button when light is red Detect Stimulus Discriminate Color Choose Button Press Button
5 Categorical Designs T2 Detect Stimulus Discriminate Color Press Button - T1 Detect Stimulus Press Button = Discriminate Color
6 Categorical Designs T3 Detect Stimulus Discriminate Color Choose Button Press Button - T2 Detect Stimulus Discriminate Color Press Button = Choose Button
7 Categorical Designs Background pure insertion: you can insert a component process into a task without disrupting the other components addtional cognitive processes always evoke the same additional activation! activation due to baseline task unaffected! Simple subtraction you can identify functionally specialised regions with regionally specific activation differences moving dots fixation
8 Categorical Designs Serial subtraction Question: Is inferior temporal cortex (IT) involved in phonological retrieval during object recognition? Cognitive processes visual analysis: occipital cortex object recognition:??? phonological retrieval:??? verbal output: Broca s s area
9 Categorical Designs Experimental design A say yes when you see an abstract image (vis. analysis, verbal output) yes B say yes when you see a concrete object (vis. analysis, object recognition, verbal output) yes C name concrete object (vis. analysis, object recognition, phonological retrieval, verbal output) butterfly
10 Categorical Designs A visual analysis verbal output B visual analysis object recognition verbal output C visual analysis object recognition phonological retrieval verbal output B - A C - B significant IT activation object recognition! no significant IT activation no evidence for IT involvement in phonological retrieval! Problem: unjustified assumption that IT response to object recognition is context independent! psychophysics neurophysiology
11 Factorial Designs Background the whole is more than just the sum of its parts cognitive processes are interdependent task A interacts with task B, A modulates sensitivity to B... interaction term (task B x task D) C - D = - = - B - A = - = A B C D task interaction =
12 Factorial Designs D Name colour of abstract image (vis. analysis, phonological retrieval, verbal output) green no object recogn. no phonolog. retrieval A visual analysis verbal output D phonolog. retrieval visual analysis phonological retrieval verbal output object recognit. B visual analysis object recognition verbal output C visual analysis object recognition phonological retrieval verbal output Interaction: (C - D) (B - A) significant IT activation phonological retrieval modulates IT response to object recognition IT also involved in phonological retrieval!
13 Parametric Designs cognitive processes categorical/factorial designs parametric designs binary continuous Systematic variation of regional activation with endo-/exogenous parameters task stays the same while the amount of processing varies; thus, changes to the nature of the task are less of a problem you can test for both linear (i.e.level of sensorimotor/cognitive processing) and non-linear effects (i.e. time effects) Signal Example 1: 1 linear activation increase in LOC with increasing object visibility! Rose et al. (2005). Cerebral Cortex. object visibility
14 Parametric Designs Signal Example 2: Non-linear decrease of prefrontal activation over time during procedural learning! Combining parametric and factorial designs linear interaction non-linear interaction Signal 1-back 2-back Signal V1 STS object visibility visibility Rainer et al. (2001). Current Biology.
15 fmri Adaptation fmri adaptation priming = reduced BOLD response to primed stimuli (i.e. repeated presentation) Fusiform gyrus Henson et al. (2000) repetition suppression / fmri adaptation / priming
16 fmri Adaptation Priming as a tool increase in spatial resolution (hyperresolution( hyperresolution) example: orientation tuning for face stimuli monkey STS Neuronal activity tuning curve for this one neuron Viewing angle viewpoint selectivity in the human FFA?
17 fmri Adaptation Priming as a tool fmri voxel typically contain ten thousands of neurons FFA: mixture of neurons tuned to different orientations? Neuronal activity Tuning curves for three different neurons Viewing angle identical BOLD response to each orientation! Slide modified from Jody Culham
18 fmri Adaptation orientation tuning in the human FFA? same stimuli predicted BOLDresponses different Stimuli Slide modified from Jody Culham
19 fmri Adaptation orientation tuning in the human FFA? faces vs. objects fmri adaptation Grill-Spector & Malach (2001), Acta Psychol.
20 Control Condition Problem fmri = contrastive method for many designs, you need to include adequate control conditions Stark & Squire (2001) When zero is not zero... PNAS, 98(22), Rest = often substantial activation in many areas! reason: mental imagery / rehearsal / eye movements loss of sensitivity!
21 Control Condition Alternatives 1. high congruency with experimental conditions 2. additional possibilities: Stark & Squire (2001) When zero is not zero... PNAS, 98(22), decision depends on experimental hypotheses!
22 Trial timing Block Design Stimulus train Event-Related Design Stimulus train Hypothetical BOLD response Hypothetical BOLD response analysis of entire block, not of single stimuli large effects Optimal block length: ~16sec allows enough time for signal to oscillate fully not near artifact frequencies analysis of single stimuli smaller effects minimal SOA: ~2sec
23 Trial timing Advantages of event-related design randomised order avoids unwanted psychological effects e.g. habituation / expectancy effects, attentional decline
24 Trial timing Blocked Data Model O = Old Words N = New Words Randomised O1 O2 O3 N1 N2 N3 O1 N1 O2 O3 N2 Slide modified from Rik Henson
25 Trial timing Advantages of event-related design randomised order avoids unwanted psychological effects e.g. habituation / expectancy effects, attentional decline post-hoc/subjective classification of trials e.g. subsequent memory effect
26 Trial timing R = Words Later Remembered F = Words Later Forgotten Event-related ~4s R R F R F Data Model Slide modified from Rik Henson
27 Trial timing Advantages of event-related design randomised order avoids unwanted psychological effects e.g. habituation and expectancy effects, attentional decline post-hoc/subjective classification of trials e.g. subsequent memory effect some events can only be indicated by subject (in time) e.g. spontaneous perceptual changes
28 Trial timing Number of Perceptual Reversals Inter Reversal Time (s) Inter Reversal Time (s) Slide modified from Rik Henson
29 Trial timing Advantages of event-related design randomised order avoids unwanted psychological effects e.g. habituation and expectancy effects, attentional decline post-hoc/subjective classification of trials e.g. subsequent memory effect some events can only be indicated by subject (in time) e.g. spontaneous perceptual changes some trials cannot be blocked e.g. oddball paradigms
30 Trial timing Oddball Time Slide modified from Rik Henson
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