THE CONNECTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS WITH VARIABLES FOR ASSESSMENT THE LEGS EXPLOSIVENESS AND START SPEED

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1 THE CONNECTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS WITH VARIABLES FOR ASSESSMENT THE LEGS EXPLOSIVENESS AND START SPEED UDC: : (497.7) (Original scientific paper) Georgi Georgiev 1, Nebojsa Markovski 1, Viktor Mitrevski 2 1 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Physical Culture, Skopje, Macedonia 2SOU Krste Petkov Misirkov, Demir Hisar, Republic of Macedonia Abstract The survey was conducted among a male population of regular students at age of years (±3 months) from the Republic of Macedonia. The total number of subjects involved in this research was 124. The aim of this research was to see what type the connection was, i.e. the influence of variables for assessing the legs explosiveness and start speed on the body s latent morphological dimensions. The sample of indicators was consisted of three criteria variables (for the volume assessment and the subskin fat tissue of the body; assessment of the body s longitudinal dimensionality and for assessment of the body s transversal dimensionality) and four motor variables (two variables for assessing the legs explosive power and two variables responsible for assessing the start speed). The regression analysis determined the influence of motor tests on the criteria. Key words: students, anthropometry, motor, influence, factor analysis, regression analysis. INTRODUCTION The implementation of programs and program s content aimed for the subject sport and sport s activities and physical and health education in Macedonia, starting from the primary through the highest education are largely dependent on the conditions in which they are performed. The results, achievements and physical development of pupils are in close correlation with their implementation. The checking of motor skills through motor tests are just one tool that we can use to make assessments about the level and achievements possessed by an individual. Morphological characteristics possessed by it, certainly have an impact on the overall achievements and results. The monitoring of the overall development provides an opportunity for timely and proper intervention in terms of giving proper direction, corrections and improvements in the morphological and motor space. The subjects of our research were regular male students of age years (±3months) from the Republic of Macedonia (Mitrevski, 2011). The purpose of this research was to see what kind of relationship was among the latent morphological characteristics of the individual with the variables for assessing the legs explosive power and start speed among students involved in the teaching process. METHODS OF WORK The research was carried out on 124 male respondents, students from the eighth grade who regularly attended the course on the subject physical and health upbringing and education and sport from municipalities of Bitola, Prilep and Resen - R. Macedonia. Seven indicators were applied, three indicators as criteria variables for estimation of the latent morphological space. The criteria was comprised of the latent dimensions: for the volume assessment and subskin fat tissue of the body; assessment of the body s longitudinal dimensionality and for assessment of the body s transversal dimensionality. The predictor system was composed of variables: for assessing the explosive power of legs (SDM standing long jump and TDM - triple jump from a place) and for assessing the start 67

2 calculated: the coefficient of multiple correlation between the criteria variable and the system of predictors (R), coefficients of correlation between each predictor and criteria variable (R 2 ), partial and regression coefficients of each predictor variable (BETA), T-test, level of significance of the partial regression coefficients (Q-BETA), the coefficient of determination, and for checking on the hypothesis was calculated F-test and its significance with appropriate degrees of freedom (DF1 and DF2). The data from this research was calculated by statistical package Statistika for Windows. Table 1. Basic statistical parameters from the motor tests N Mean Min. Max. Range Variance Std.Dev. Skew. Kurt. SDM ,00 110,00 238,00 128,00 732,553 27,066-0,337-0,301 TDM ,15 400,00 697,00 297, ,654 68,423-0,223-0,385 T20VIS ,59 32,00 67,00 35,00 27,236 5,219 1,997 7,916 T50VIS ,25 64,00 122,00 58,00 99,327 9,966 1,129 1,871 Table 2. Basic statistical parameters from the morphological characteristics N Mean Min. Max. Range Variance Std.Dev. Skew. Kurt. AVNT , , ,00 455, ,769 93,128-0,113-0,360 ATEZ ,00 330, ,00 690, , ,663 0,612 0,582 ADR ,77 520,00 860,00 340, ,575 54,567-0,465 0,770 ADN ,11 780, ,00 310, ,784 66,684-0,123-0,447 ASR ,85 280,00 530,00 250, ,432 44,670 0,078 0,227 ASK ,30 210,00 440,00 230, ,057 45,089 0,871 0,897 ADRZ ,58 41,00 70,00 29,00 31,302 5,595 0,385 1,193 ADZK ,27 70,00 115,00 45,00 61,270 7,828-0,149 0,431 AONL ,96 165,00 350,00 185, ,641 36,697 0,115-0,069 AONLS ,31 180,00 390,00 210, ,055 39,396 0,378 0,391 AOPL ,23 160,00 355,00 195, ,388 32,564 0,444 1,068 AOPK ,52 200,00 453,00 253, ,065 45,946-0,488 0,782 ASOG ,90 635, ,00 415, ,275 87,220 0,031-0,358 AKNN ,23 2,00 26,00 24,00 33,949 5,827 0,240-0,740 AKNG ,31 2,00 32,00 30,00 43,629 6,605 0,921 0,850 AKNM ,28 2,00 42,00 40,00 66,497 8,155 0,991 1,090 speed (T20VIS - running at 20 meters from a high start and T50VIS - running at 50 meters from a high start), Kurelic, et all. (1975). Data from all variables were treated with the basic descriptive statistical parameters, and previously their normality of distribution were tested by the method of Kolmogorov and Smirnov.The data factorization was conducted by Hoteling s method of main components. The number of significant principal components was determined on the basis of Kaizer-Guttman s criterion (Bala, 1986). According to it, every possible component with calculated characteristic root that was equal to or greater than was taken as significant. The significant main components were transformed by orthogonal varimax position. The data processing for the connection of motor tests with the latent morphological dimensions was done by the regression analysis. Using the regression analysis were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the Table 1 and 2 are shown the basic descriptive parameters of the morphological characteristics and motor tests among respondents. The number of respondents was defined (Valid N), and the 68

3 Table 3. Factor structure of the respondents Hotellings methods Orthogonal varimax H1 H2 H3 h 2 V1 V2 V3 AVNT 0,464 0,748 0,829 0,791 0,152 0,862 0,249 ATEZ 0,738 0,759 0,766 0,799 0,520 0,599 0,371 ADR 0,385 0,539 0,738 0,653 0,226 0,828 0,042 ADN 0,147 0,487 0,723 0,535-0,070 0,847-0,038 ASR 0,208 0,344 0,758 0,579-0,009 0,130 0,861 ASK 0,167 0,224 0,756 0,540 0,035-0,026 0,868 ADRZ 0,391 0,399 0,443 0,482 0,410 0,505 0,141 ADZK 0,530 0,589 0,600 0,595 0,699 0,287 0,210 AONL 0,742 0,754 0,760 0,786 0,682 0,346 0,418 AONLS 0,821 0,825 0,834 0,854 0,677 0,389 0,474 AOPL 0,746 0,749 0,757 0,770 0,642 0,377 0,451 AOPK 0,451 0,454 0,614 0,612 0,388 0,178 0,657 ASOG 0,659 0,688 0,694 0,684 0,451 0,497 0,494 AKNN 0,372 0,663 0,716 0,672 0,836 0,102-0,087 AKNG 0,406 0,741 0,742 0,700 0,857-0,020 0,083 AKNM 0,500 0,787 0,795 0,771 0,884 0,076 0,080 LAMBDA 7,726 2,026 1,771 Cum 11,524 TARG(%) 48,29 12,663 11,069 Cum. % 72,022 arithmetic means (Mean), minimum and maximum score (Min. and Max.), distance (Range), variance (Variance), standard deviation (Std.Dev.), skewness (Skew.) and kurtosis (Kurt). Based on the results the upper and lower limits of obtained values for each individual indicator and the distance between them were defined. Values of skewness at the motor skills are within the limits of , at the variable standing long jump (SDM, Skewness=-.337) to 2.00 at the variable running at 20 meters from a high start (T20VIS, Skewness= ), indicating on a test easily surmountable for most respondents. The obtained kurtosis values of the motor skills indicators: jump forward from a place; triple jump from a place and running at 50 meters from a high start, were under the limit of 3.00, therefore the obtained values are considered platikurtic. Values of the variable running at 20 meters from a high start (T20VIS, Kurtosis=7,916), are above the limit values which indicates on a certain leptokurtic. Values of skewness at most indicators of morphological measures were in the limits of for the variable for assessment the scope of a leg (AOPK, Skewness =-.488) to 0.99 at the variable skin fold of the stomach (AKNM, Skewness =.991), which was considered moderately asymmetric. The obtained values of kurtosis at most indicators of morphological features are under the limit of 3.00 which makes these results to be considered platykurtic (Mitrevski, 2008, 2009). From the inspection of Table 3 at the male respondents from the Republic of Macedonia by Hoteling s method is shown a factor matrix of sixteen variables for assessing the morphological space, communalities, the important characteristic roots, the percentage of total explained variance and the orthogonal varimax rotation. The system of morphological variables formed three significant principal components, which explain the percentage of the total variance by 72.02%. Of the three main components, the largest contribution for the explanation has the first, which explains a part of the total variability by 48,29% (LAMB- DA=7,73), the second 12,66% (LAMBDA=2,03), and the third 11,07% (LAMBDA=1.77). From the inspection of the unrotated factor matrix can be seen that the first principal component is saturated by more variables (except variables ASHK and ADN). The participation of the saturations in the formation of the first principal component was from 0.21 of the variable shoulders width (ASHR) 69

4 Table 4. Regression analysis on the system of motor tests with F-1 factor for the volume and subskin fat tissue of the body BETA St. Err of BETA B St. Err of B t(119) p-level SDM 0,171 0,111 0,006 0,004 1,541 0,126 TDM -0,377 0,108-0,006 0,002-3,485 0,001 T20VIS 0,113 0,112 0,022 0,022 1,004 0,317 T50VIS 0,210 0,118 0,021 0,012 1,776 0,078 R=,488 RI=,238 DF1=4 DF2=119 SIGMA=,887 F=9,32 P<,00 Table 5. Regression analysis on the system of motor tests with F-2 factor of the body s longitudinal dimensionality BETA St. Err of BETA B St. Err of B t(119) p-level SDM 0,401 0,112 0,015 0,004 3,585 0,000 TDM 0,125 0,109 0,002 0,002 1,146 0,254 T20VIS -0,019 0,113-0,004 0,022-0,172 0,864 T50VIS 0,052 0,120 0,005 0,012 0,435 0,665 R=,473 RI=,224 DF1=4 DF2=119 SIGMA=,895 F=8,60 P<,00 Table 6. Regression analysis on the system of motor tests with F-3 factor for the body s transversal dimensionality BETA St. Err of BETA B St. Err of B t(119) p-level SDM 0,039 0,116 0,001 0,004 0,333 0,740 TDM 0,126 0,113 0,002 0,002 1,109 0,270 T20VIS 0,563 0,117 0,108 0,023 4,794 0,000 T50VIS -0,289 0,124-0,029 0,012-2,331 0,021 R=,407 RI=,165 DF1=4 DF2=119 SIGMA=,928 F=5,92 P<,00 to 0.82 at the variable volume of the upper arm in bent position (AONLS). It is evident that the manifested variables are saturated and by the other two factors. After the performed orthogonal varimax rotation of the initial coordinate system of the manifest variables were obtained three latent dimensions defined as factors: Factor for the volume and subskin fat tissue (F1), which remained significant projections towards variables for estimation of the circular dimensionality (AONL, AONLS, AOPL, AOPK, ASOG and ATEZH) with saturations from 0.45 to 0.82 and variables for assessing the subskin fat tissue (AKNN, AKNG, AKNM) with saturation from 0.83 to 0.88 and body weight (ATEZH) with saturation Analyzing the size of vectors, i.e. communalities of the applied system of morphological variables that define the first factor the highest values shows the variable AONLS (h 2 =0,85). Factor of the body s longitudinal dimensionality (F2), which retained significant projections towards the variables for assessing the longitudinal dimensionality (AVNT, ADR and ADN), with saturations from 0.83 to Analyzing the size of vectors, i.e. communalities of the applied system of morphological variables that define the second factor, the highest values shows the?? variable AVNT (h 2 =0,79); Factor for the body s transversal dimensionality (F3), which retained significant projections towards the variables for estimation of the transversal dimensionality (ADZK, ASHR and ASHK) with saturation from 0.21 to Analyzing the size of vectors, i.e. communalities of the applied system of morphological variables that define the third factor the highest values shows the variable ASHR (h 2 = 0.59). Identical data gained Sukov, Zivkovic, and Shukova-Stojmanovska (2000) among students (students with bad posture and deformities of the body) of the eighth grade from 70

5 the Republic of Macedonia. From the inspection of the Table 4, one can see that the coefficient of multiple correlation, i.e. the correlation of the system of motor tests with the criterion, F-1 factor for the volume and subskin fat tissue of the body is R=.49, and the prediction coefficient R 2 =.24, which means it explains the common variability by about 24%. Such a relationship was significant at the level of p =.000. The remaining 76% remains on the explanation of the total variability by some other features and capabilities of respondents which are not a subject of research (e.g. other morphological measures, motor variables, conative, cognitive, motivational, functional, etc.). Although the whole system of motor variables recorded statistically significant association of medium level with the criteria, individually negative statistically significant relationship was observed only at the variable triple jump from a place. From the analysis, regarding the impact of individual motor variables, one can see that the greatest negative impact has the variable triple jump from a place - TDM (BETA=-0,377), which is significant at the level of p-level=.001. From the inspection of the Table 5, can be seen that the coefficient of multiple correlation, i.e. the correlation of the system of motor tests with the criterion, F-2 factor of the body s longitudinal dimensionality was R=.47, and the prediction coefficient R 2 =.22, which means it explains joined variability by about 22%. Such a relationship was significant at the level of p =,000. The remaining 78% remains on the explanation of the total variability by some other features and capabilities of respondents which are not a subject of research (e.g. other morphological measures, motor variables, conative, cognitive, motivational, functional, etc.) Although the whole system of motor variables recorded statistically significant association of medium level with the criteria, a single positive statistically significant association was observed only at the variable jump forward from a place. From the analysis of the impact of individual motor variables, it can be noted that the greatest influence has the test standing long jump - SDM (BETA=0,401), which is significant at the level of p-level=.000. From the inspection of the Table 6, one can see that the coefficient of multiple correlation, i.e. the correlation of the system of motor tests with the criterion, F-3 factor for the body s transversal dimensionality was R=.41, and the prediction coefficient R 2 =.17, which means it explains the joined variability by about 17%. Such a relationship was significant at the level of p =, 000. The remaining 83% remains on the explanation of the total variability by some other features and capabilities of respondents which are not subject of research (e.g. other morphological measures, motor variables, conative, cognitive, motivational, functional, etc.). Although the whole system of motor variables recorded statistically significant association of medium level with the criteria, single statistically significant association was observed at the variable running at 20 meters from high start and the variable running at 50 meters from high start. From the analysis about the impact of the individual motor variables, one can see that the greatest positive impact has the variable running at 20 meters from high start - T20VIS (BETA=0,563), which is significant at the level of p-level=.000, and the most negatively impact has the variable running at 50 meters from high start - T50VIS (BETA=-0,289). Which is significant at the level of p-level=.021. Similar results obtained and Mitrevski, Georgiev, & Hadžić (2011). CONCLUSIONS Based on the applied factor analysis at the analyzed morphological space were extracted three latent dimensions defined as: (F1) factor for the volume and subskin fat tissue of the body; (F2) factor of the body s longitudinal dimensionality (F-3) factor for the body s transversal dimensionality. The system of applied motor tests observed statistically significant association of medium level with all three defined latent dimensions (F-1, F-2 and F-3). Individually statistically significant impact on the extracted latent dimension, (F1) factor for the volume and subskin fat tissue of the body, was observed at the variable for assessing the explosive power - triple jump from a place. Individually statistically significant impact on the extracted latent dimension, (F2) factor of the body s longitudinal dimensionality was observed at the variable for evaluation of the explosive power - standing long jump. Individually statistically significant impact on 71

6 the extracted latent dimension, (F3) factor for the body s transversal dimensionality was registered at both variables for estimation of the start speed (running at 20 meters from a high start and running at 50 meters from a high start). LITERATURE Bala, G. (1986). Logicke osnove metoda za analizu podataka iz istrazivanja u fizičkoj kulturi. Novi Sad: Sava Muncan. Kurelic, N., Momirovic, K., Stojanovic, M., Sturm, J., Radojevic, D. i Viskic-Stalec, N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloskih i motorickih dimenzija omladine. Beograd: Institut za naucna istrazivanja fakulteta za fizicko vaspitanje univerziteta u Beogradu. Georgiev, G., Mitrevski, V., & Kostovski, Ž. (2011). Quantitative differences in assessment of high school female students. Sport Mont, (Podgorica), IX, (28-30), Митревски, В. (2009). Критериумизаоценувањевонаставатапоспортиспортскиактивности. Магистерскитруд, Скопје: Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Факултет за физичка култура. Mitrevski, V. (2010). Relations between some manifest morphologic characteristics and latent motor dimensions with. Vo zbornik na trudovi Inovacii v obrazovanieto (str ). Sumen: Sumenski univerzitet Episkop Konstantin Preslavski, Pedagogiceski fakultet. Mitrevski, V., Georgiev, G., & Hadžić, R. (2011). Utjecaj motoričkih manifestacija iz Eurofit program za djecu na motoričke vještine i navike kod učenica srednjoj školi. Sport Mont, (Podgorica), IX, (28-30), Митревски, В. (2011). Разликивопостигањатаирезултатитепопредметотфизичковоспитувањеи образованиеиспорткајученицитеоднекоибалканскидржави. Докторска дисертација, Скопје: Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Факултет за физичка култура. Шуков, Ј., Живковиќ, В. и Шукова-Стојмановска, Д. (2000). Факторскаструктуранаантропометрискиот, моторичкиотифункционалниотпросторкајиспитаницитесолордотичнолошодржење (Истражувањевоподрачјетона кинезитерапијата). Скопје, Универзитет Св. Кирил и Методиј, Факултет за физичка култура, Correspondence: Georgi Georgiev Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Faculty of Physical Culture, Zeleznièka b.b. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia ggeorgiev2005@yahoo.com 72

7 POVRZANOST NA MORFOLO[KITE DIMENZII NA TELOTO SO VARIJABLITE ZA PROCENKA NA EKSPLOZIVNOSTA I STARTNATA BRZINA NA NOZETE UDK: : (497.7) (Originalen nau~en trud) Georgi Georgiev 1, Neboj{a Markovski 1 i Viktor Mitrevski 2 1 Univerzitet Sv. Kiril i Metodij vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija 2SOU Krste Petkov Misirkov, Demir Hisar, Republika Makedonija Apstrakt Istra`uvaweto e sprovedeno kaj primerok od redovni u~enici od ma{ki pol na godi{na vozrast (±3 meseci) vo R. Makedonija. Vkupnata brojka na ispitanici vklu~eni vo istra`uvaweto broe{e 124. Celta na istra`uvawe be{e da se vidi kakva e povrzanosta, odnosno vlijanieto na varijablite za procenka na eksplozivnosta na nozete i startnata brzinata vrz latentnite morfolo{ki dimenzii na teloto. Primerokot na pokazateli go so~inuvaa tri kriteriumski varijabli (za procenka na volumenoznosta i potko`no masno tkivo na teloto; za procenka na longitudinalnata dimenzionalnost na teloto i za procenka na transverzalnata dimenzionalnost na teloto) i ~etiri motori~ki varijabli (dve varijabli za procenka na ekplozivnata sila na nozete i dve varijabli odgovorni za procenka na startnata brzina). So regresiska analiza utvrdeno be{e vlijanieto na motori~kite testovi vrz kriteriumite. Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, antropometrija, motorika, vlijanie, faktorska analiza, regresivna analiza. 73

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