1960s Many models of memory proposed. Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model. Sensory Memory. Short-term Memory. Long-term Memory.

Transcription

1 1 1960s Many models of memory proposed Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory 2 Primary Memory Secondary Memory 3 1

2 4 Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory 5 Notes: 1. Forgetting in the Short-Term Store involves both interference and decay. 2. The capacity of the sensory registers vary for the different modalities: e.g. the visual sensory store is very large; the auditory sensory store is small (perhaps only 2 to 4 items) 6 2

3 Serial Position Effect Recency Effect Kintsch & Buschke (1969) Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence 7 8 Primacy Effect Recency Effect 9 3

4 10 How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS? How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

5 13 H.M. - Epileptic - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus - STM ---> LTM disrupted K.F.- Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex - LTM Normal - STM capacity severely limited 14 The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died. 15 5

6 More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction Recency Effect challenged Neuroscience evidence

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8 Sensory memory or sensory register Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell Relatively raw, unprocessed form 22 Stimuli change Maintain for selection and further processing Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception 23 Sperling (1960) Averbach & Sperling (1961) 24 8

9 25 26 * 27 9

10 J Z G B S X P L R M Q F

11 * 31 Y Q C H N D R J V B K S

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13 1. Location 2. Usefulness 3. Saccades 4. Nature of the code 37 1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8 T

14 40 Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972) Differences from iconic memory Crowder (1982)

15 43 44 Short-Term Memory 45 15

16 Nature of Forgetting Duration Nature of Code Capacity 46 Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959) Trigram task KHR 0 18 seconds Delay / Distractor (947, 946, ) Recall Trigram 47 K X J P L G S Y T H Z R 48 16

17 49 Conrad (1964) Visual display of letters Phonological confusions: ( D for E but not F for E ) Wickelgren (1965) 50 K Z L F distractor tasks (copy down 4 new letters) C B G D X M I W recall original 4 letters 51 17

18 Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory 52 Limited Capacity (7 + 2) Digit Span Task Difficulties 53 Chunking Recoding:( > 1492 Columbus) Chase & Ericsson (1982) 54 18

19 55 Initial Session (8 digits): Digit Series: 1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4 SF s Recall: Later Session (11 digits): Digit Series: SF s Recall: SF s Report: 9:07 a 2-mile time Still Later Sessions (22 digits): Digit Series: SF s Recall: / / / 870 / SF s Report: 4:13.1 mile time 06:03 mile time 9: mile time

20 Decay vs. Interference Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material Keppel & Underwood (1962) PI = Proactive Interference Wickens et. al. - Release from PI digits -----> probe digit

21 Trial 1 HJX Trial 2 RLB Trial 3 ZNF Control Experimental GST

22 64 Revision of STM 3 part system Baddeley Dual task paradigm 65 Baddeley Working Memory Model Central Executive - Plans & coordinates but does not store information. - Focuses attention, selects strategies, transforms information, coordinates behavior - Integrates information from other parts of the system Phonological Loop - Processes and stores a limited number of items (3 or 4) for short time - Maintains information as sounds (esp. speech sounds) using rehearsal - Executive resources drained if rehearsal task is difficult Visuospatial Sketchpad - Processes visual and spatial information - Limited capacity - Executive resources drained if visual imagery or spatial task is difficult 66 22

23 Working Memory Model with Episodic Buffer & Long-Term Memory 67 AB A precedes B? T or F B is preceded by A. T or F B does not precede A. T or F 68 Experiment 1: 0, 1, 2 items preloaded reasoning task letter recall Experiment 2: 0 or 6 items reasoning task letter recall 69 23

24 70 71 Condition 1 Condition 2 1. Study 6 pictures 1. Study 6 pictures while saying la, la, la Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it. 2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it.? Fish Result? 3. Number of correct items: Number of correct items:

25 Read the following words. When you have finished look away and try to remember them: England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta, Laos Again read the words, look away and try to remember them: Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar

26 Difficult to Estimate Different meanings (storage capacity vs. processing capacity) Digit Span Task Miller The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two... 7 ±