Yahya Zakaria Eid, Ph.D. Faculty of Agriculture,, Kafrelsheikh University

Transcription

1 Yahya Zakaria Eid, Ph.D. Faculty of Agriculture,, Kafrelsheikh University

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3 Jan July Jan July Ranking World Africa Egypt

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5 The audience: The audience of the workshops was mainly academic staff in all categories (demonstrators assistant lecturer assistant professors associate professors full professors and emeritus professors, beside some post graduate students) in my university with different scientific disciplines. Two workshops were held with total participants 35.

6 Great manuscript, but the lab chief always get listed first

7 Goal Reveal some concepts of professionalism in science

8 Objectives At the end you should be able to: Explain why it is important to publish Discuss the Qualification to be an author Differentiate between Authorship and Acknowledgment Analyze and Identify the role of author based on contribution.

9 Scientific Integrity Our civilization is built on a foundation of science. Life as we know it is the result of a remarkable series of technological advances over the past few centuries. But science can only thrive when it s independent. When political or commercial interests pressure scientists or suppress their findings, science is weakened, and we all lose.

10 Scientific Integrity Integrity in science is a basic moral attitude. Scientific integrity, in the comprehensive sense, cannot be separated from the responsible handling of the human desire for knowledge and human curiosity.

11 self discipline and a self-critical assessment is essential for researchers and their institutions is a precondition for sustainable dialogue between science and society promotes the reputation of research, the understanding for new developments and the acceptance of innovations

12 Scientific behaviour of integrity Scientific behaviour of integrity requires: respect for the limitations of freedom of research openness within the research group transparency and dialogue with the scientific community and the general public

13 How can we achieve Integrity in Research Individual Level For the individual scientist, a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one s actions and to a range of practices that characterize the responsible conduct of research, including intellectual honesty in proposing, performing, and reporting research; accuracy in representing contributions to research proposals and reports; fairness in peer review; collegiality in scientific interactions, including communications and sharing of resources; transparency in conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest; protection of human subjects in the conduct of research; humane care of animals in the conduct of research; and adherence to the mutual responsibilities between investigators and their research teams.

14 Institutional Level Institutions seeking to create an environment that promotes responsible conduct by individual scientists and that fosters integrity must establish and continuously monitor structures, processes, policies, and procedures that provide leadership in support of responsible conduct of research; encourage respect for everyone involved in the research enterprise; promote productive interactions between trainees and mentors; advocate adherence to the rules regarding all aspects of the conduct of research, anticipate, reveal, and manage individual and institutional conflicts of interest; arrange timely and thorough inquiries and investigations of allegations of scientific misconduct and apply appropriate administrative sanctions; offer educational opportunities pertaining to integrity in the conduct of research; and monitor and evaluate the institutional environment supporting integrity in the conduct of research and use this knowledge for continuous quality improvement.

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17 The right to search for truth implies also a duty; one must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true. Albert Einstein

18 Compliance Program Elements Leadership and management Written standards, policies and procedures Education, training and communication Monitoring/audits Appointment of an official who promotes scientific integrity Mechanism to report violations (e.g., hotline)

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20 Research Compliance Elements Animal and Human Subjects Treatment Conflict of Interest Intellectual Property (IP) Environmental Regulations (chemical, radiation, biosafety) Clinical Trials, Data Safety Financial oversight (spending and billing)

21 Challenges in Promoting Compliance & Integrity Tenure and promotion system Different interpretation of laws & regulations Different definitions and understanding Cultural variances Differences in practice among disciplines (Life Sciences & Math)

22 Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk was the first person to report that his lab extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos

23 Public Trust is an Issue Science Articles Time People Who Mattered Allegations of fabrication 2006 Apologized and admitted that he fabricated part of the data; he and 5 members of his research team were indicted for embezzlement, faces jail.

24 Results Personal: loss of position and honor South Korea: loss of prestige and honor Loss of public trust

25 Responsible conduct of research Scientific Integrity

26 RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH

27 RCR is important for YOU! Establish credibility as a researcher Establish a clear path of data Enable further research Contribute to the field of research Meet the expectation of public trust Membership in the community of scholars-- traditions, values, ethics

28 Elements of RCR Responsible Authorship Misconduct Coorporative Science Mentor - Trainee Relationship Safe Laboratory Practices

29 Responsible Authorship

30 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

31 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

32 Why we publish?

33 What do we gain by publishing? To win a grant award For job promotion To get higher salaries Professional prestige To have tenure or non-tenure researchers

34 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

35 Qualifications to be an author 1. Substantial contributions to conception and design, or to the acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. 2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. 3. Final approval of the manuscript to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.

36 Co-authorship should, if possible, be agreed upon when planning the publication. All co-authors should approve the final version of the manuscript and thereby accept their responsibility for the publication. At lest one of the authors should take responsibility for each part of the manuscript.

37 The order of authors The order of authors is decided by the authors themselves The first author has normally contributed most to the paper The contribution of each author can and should be specified The corresponding author has a particular responsibility and status

38 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

39 First Author Authorship: Including as co-authors all and only those individuals who meet the authorship. Approval: Providing the draft of the manuscript to each individual contributing author for review and consent for authorship. Integrity: The author is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole, and ensuring that reasonable care and effort has been taken to determine that all the data are complete, accurate, and reasonably interpreted.

40 Some advice Authorship and the order of authors should be decided as early as possible The contribution of each author should be specified

41 Acknowledgment can be granted for: - solely supplying financial support or laboratory space - solely contributing to data collection -contributing with routine technical assistance - providing general supervision to the research team

42 Conflicts of Interest Financial Funding Companies: employees, equity Use of products Royalties Relationships Federal requirements for disclosure

43 Think with me!!??

44 Two months after joining a new research group, you are preparing to submit a manuscript based on work you had completed while in your previous position. Dr. Helix, one of your new colleagues, has just recommended that you include Dr. Spiral, the head of the new research group, as an author on the paper. When you point out that Dr. Spiral only revised the manuscript, Dr. Helix observes that adding Dr. Spiral s name would improve the chances for publication and increase your prospects for advancement within Dr. Spiral s research group.

45 Based on this information, should you add Dr. Spiral s name to the manuscript

46 I didn t exactly write the article, but well, I didn t exactly do the research, either. From American Scientist, Sept-Oct 2004

47 Another way of looking at it: If authorship was a crime, are there enough evidence to sentence you?

48 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

49 Bad practices seen in some publications Fabrication: making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification: manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism: the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

50 What is Plagiarism? Definition: Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as your own.

51 The word plagiarism comes from: Plagiarius Latin word meaning kidnapper

52 Two types of plagiarism: Intentional Copying a friend s work Buying or borrowing papers Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting Media borrowing without documentation Web publishing without permissions of creators Unintentional Careless paraphrasing Poor documentation Quoting excessively Failure to use your own voice Careless note taking

53 Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism In your own words! Compare with content and intent of the authors. Give credit to the words and ideas of others - regardless of whether it is verbatim, paraphrased or summarized. Use quotation marks when it is absolutely necessary to state verbatim what an author has written. Cite the complete reference - authors, title, journal/book, page numbers and year. Common knowledge is audience dependent. If in doubt of a copyright issue contact the owner.

54 PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE! Take notes at every talk you attend! Always take notes in your own words when you read a paper (your words reflect your understanding). Learn the terminology of your discipline. Establish good pre-writing habits. Practice summarizing the writing of others often. Do a critical comparison with the original text - verify with your advisor/mentor - or use a plagiarism detection When in doubt - ask. Imitate style not content!

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58 Some other issues in Authorship

59 Concepts of Data Management

60 Duplicate publication Duplicate publication, multiple publication, or redundant publication refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once, by the author or publisher. It does not refer to the unauthorized republication by someone else, which constitutes plagiarism, copyright violation, or both.

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62 Salami publication" or "salami slicing is a variant of the smallest-publishable-unit strategy. In salami slicing, data gathered by one research project is separately reported (wholly or in part) in multiple end publications. Salami slicing, apparently named by analogy with the thin slices made from a larger salami sausage, is generally considered questionable when not explicitly labeled, as it may lead to the same data being counted multiple times as apparently independent results in aggregate studies.

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64 The best time to discuss authorship policies is before joining the lab! A good time to discuss authorship is when starting a project - knowing it might change as the research proceeds. The worst time to discuss authorship is after the manuscript is complete.

65 Analyze and Identify the role of author based on contribution

66 Assessment Please use the scale below to rank the level of your agreement or disagreement with each of the following statements; A. Agree B. Disagree

67 Authorship is appropriate for someone who has approved the final manuscript and provided the idea for a critical experiment A. Agree B. Disagree

68 Authorship is appropriate for someone who has approved the final manuscript and provided unpublished data to increase data obtained for the paper A. Agree B. Disagree

69 Authorship is appropriate for someone who has approved the final manuscript and provided large amounts of unskilled work needed to complete the project A. Agree B. Disagree

70 Authorship is appropriate for someone who has approved the final manuscript and provided statistical analysis of data presented in the paper A. Agree B. Disagree

71 Authorship is not appropriate solely to advance a student s career A. Agree B. Disagree

72 Authorship is not appropriate for someone who contributed to the work only on a fee-for-service basis A. Agree B. Disagree

73 Publication Authorship Responsible Authorship Qualification Responsibilities

74 Most people say that it is the intelligence which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character. Albert Einstein

75 Quality assessment of workshops: At the beginning of each workshop there was oral discussion with the participants on what do you expect from this workshop. Also, in the end there was a simple written evaluation of the contents:

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79 Issues and future directions

80 Problems: As there was some conflict about the funding of this project and according to some administrative issues the number of workshops reduced to 2.

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84 Yahya Eid