Internal & External Validity
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1 Internal & External Validity 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 1 What We Will Cover in This Section Overview Internal Validity. External Validity. Key Learning Points. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 2 Validity Revisited In the context of measuring variables, validity implies that you are measuring what you say you are measuring. In the context of research methods, validity focuses on the extent that you can make appropriate inferences or conclusions based on the research design and implementation. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 3
2 Internal Validity 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 4 Internal Validity Traditionally refers to The accuracy of the research in concluding a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Applied to experimental research. Can I unambiguously conclude that the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable. Can apply to correlational, survey, and naturalistic research. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 5 Correlational Design Measure A Measure B 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 6
3 Survey Research Are there flaws in the data collection process that might make the results suspect? Poor questions. Poor coding. Etc. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 7 Naturalistic Research How is data captured? How was content analysis done? Is there a potential for reactivity? 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 8 Experimental Design Independent Variable Group A Group B Dependent Variable Common outcome measure. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 9
4 Confounding Any variable other than the independent variable that could reasonably have caused changes in the dependent variable. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 10 Confounding Variable: Example Independent Variable Dependent Variable Confounded by time of day. Given orange juice at 9:00 AM Given distilled water at 1:00 PM Alertness two hours later. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 11 Natural Confounding The typical association of one variable with another. Race Gender Ethnicity Profession 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 12
5 Treatment Confounding The independent variable is associated with some other variable for ONE condition. Female experimenter in one condition and male in another. Cool Pepsi vs. warm Coke. Group A at 10:00, Group B at 12:00. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 13 Measurement Confounding The measure assesses more than one construct (construct validity). Depression is usually associated with anxiety, so any measures of depression will also assess anxiety. Leadership vs. assertiveness Verbal intelligence vs. Vocabulary 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 14 Confounding Based on Subject Selection 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 15
6 Key Assumption In experimental research there is RANDOM SELECTION from the population and RANDOM ASSIGNMENT to treatment conditions. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 16 Target Population Random Sampling Sample Frame Sample Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Randomization 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 17 Selection Bias 1. When participants are not randomly selected from the population, this limits generalizability (External Validity). 2. When participants in one condition differ in some way from those in another condition you have confounding (Internal Validity). - Non-random assignment - Pre-existing groups. - Differential mortality. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 18
7 Measurement Reactivity 1. Evaluation apprehension. - Avoid feedback. 2. Novelty effects. - Give participants time to adjust. 3. Response bias. - Social desirability. - Negative or positive response bias. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 19 Demand Characteristics Cues in the research setting that allow the participant to form their own opinions about the research hypothesis. The Good participant. The Negative participant. The Apathetic participant. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 20 Controlling for Demand Characteristics 1. Cue reduction. 2. Motivation. Reduce evaluation apprehension. 3. Separate the dependent variable from the study (unobtrusive). 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 21
8 Experimenter Influences 1. Biased observation. 2. Influencing participants responses. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 22 Reducing Experimenter Effects 1. Rehearsal. 2. Monitoring. 3. Minimize experimenter influence. 4. Use double blind. 5. Minimize data snooping. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 23 External Validity 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 24
9 External Validity The extent to which research results can apply to a wide range of situations. KEY IDEA: Similarity to the real world environment enhances external validity. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 25 Structural Component How has the study been carried out? Method Setting Procedures Sample 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 26 Functional Component Do the psychological processes in the study operate in the same way in the real world? Paper people research. Simulated people evaluations. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 27
10 Conceptual Component The degree to which the problems being studied match those in the real world. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 28 Artificiality. Research Procedure Operational definitions. Levels of the independent variable. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 29 Assessing External Validity This is judgmental based on an assessment of all of the factors. Are field and laboratory results similar. Are field conclusions similar to laboratory conclusions. Does a phenomenon exist in both the laboratory and the field. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 30
11 Key Learning Point Internal validity is a prerequisite for external validity. 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 31 9/2/2006 P767 Internal & External Validity 32
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