Seminar 11: Critical Systems
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1 Seminar 11: Critical Systems Critical/Pragmatic approaches to Systems Thinking Critical Systems Heuristics Boundary Critique 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 1
2 Boundary Critique Exercise: What has been left out, and why? University of Toronto Boundary Critique 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 2
3 Preamble: How do we establish validity? Structure of Arguments (Toulmin) Data Qualifier Claim Warrant Backing (needed if someone challenges the warrant) Rebuttal Key insight: ÄScientific theories (claims) aren t true or false they each have a scope of applicability 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 3
4 Ulrich s Critical Systems Heuristics Claims: assertions/suggestions we consider to be meaningful (relevant) and justifiable (valid) Ä Eg problem definitions (descriptions of a problem situation) Ä Eg solution proposals Ä Eg suggested measures of success / notions of what counts as improvement Ä Eg assertion of moral rightness Ä Eg claims to knowledge or rationality All claims are partial Partial as in incomplete Partial as in favouring a particular viewpoint Partiality arises because of (implicit or explicit) boundary judgments 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 4
5 University of Toronto Selectivity Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 5
6 Boundary Critique Systematic boundary critique seeks to: Ä Identify the source of selectivity by surfacing boundary judgments Ä Examine practical and ethical implications of the boundary judgments ÄFind alternative reference systems (to show why the current one is selective) Ä Seek mutual understanding with stakeholders about their reference systems ÄChallenge claims (in cases where stakeholders try to apply their boundary judgments uncritically) Implications: Ä All problem situations are with respect to a particular reference system ÄAll claims must be judged by how well we make their conditioned nature clear Ä Everyone can question boundary judgments Ø so expert and layperson meet as equals Ä Emancipation possible without specialist knowledge 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 6
7 Boundary Categories Stakeholder (who?) Concern (what?) Key difficulty Motivation Client (whose interests are served?) Purpose (what are the consequences?) Measure of Success (What constitutes an improvement?) Power Decision-Maker (who is in charge?) Resources (what does the decision-maker control?) Decision Environment (What constrains the decision-maker?) Knowledge Professional (who has expertise?) Expertise (what counts as relevant knowledge?) Guarantee (what or who provides assurance of success?) Legitimacy Witness (who speaks for those affected?) Emancipation (Where does legitimacy lie?) Worldview (How are alternative views reconciled?) 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 7
8 University of Toronto Ulrich s Rationally Justified Action 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 8
9 Ask both is and ought questions sources of motivation ÄClient: whose interests are served? ÄPurpose: what are the consequences? ÄMeasure of improvement: how will we assess success? sources of power ÄDecision-makers: Who determines whether an improvement has been made? ÄResources: what do the decision-makers control? ÄContext: What constrains the decision-makers? sources of knowledge ÄProfessions: Who is involved as a competent provider of knowledge/experience? ÄExpertise: What counts as relevant knowledge? ÄGuarantee: What basis do these experts use to assure success? sources of legitimation ÄWitness: who represents the interests of non-participants? ÄEmancipation: how will their rights and freedoms be protected? ÄWorldviews: how are different values/perspectives treated? 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 9 9
10 Example: GMOs Examine claims about whether a field trial for a new GM strain of wheat should go ahead Boundary judgments: Ä Scientists doing scientific research: Science must proceed unimpeded Ä Research ethics and risk management: Beneficence argument must be transparent Ä Ecosystems and contaminants that weaken them: Allowing organisms to escape into the wild cannot be undone Ä Economic system in which investment in R&D boosts jobs and growth: You can t stand in the way of progress! Ä Intellectual property and privatization of public goods: Who does GM research benefit anyway? Ä Global food supply and demand: We need to overcome the food crisis! Ä Potential threats to human health and well-being: Our highly industrialized food production system is making us sick don t make it worse! Ä Sustainable agriculture with long term time horizons: Technical fixes like GMOs are short term solutions, what we really need is permaculture See: Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license
11 Midgley s Values and Boundaries 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 11
12 Midgley: Marginalization 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 12
13 Midgley s Boundary Critique 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 13
14 Boundary Crossing It is a good exercise for researchers to transgress a boundary at least once a week. - Ulrich What kinds of boundaries should we cross? Ä Our preconceived notions of research (what kinds of research ought we do?) Ä Our analytical categories Ä Our institutionalized cultures and conventions of research (what is meaningful to me?) Ä Our tendency to technological determinism (what technologies do we want, and how can we re-shape them?) Ä Our national identities (what is the broader historical context?) Ä Our familiar dichotomies (quantitative/qualitative; thinking/doing; etc) 2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 14
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