Personality Personality Personality Psychoanalysis Freud s Theory of Personality

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1 Personality The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Personality The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning mask. Personality An individual s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors The psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual s behavior in different situations and at different times. Personality According to the psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment. Freud s Theory of Personality Freud s theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious Freud s Theory of Personality The Structure of Personality Freud s Theory of Personality The Structure of Personality Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle Primitive and unconscious, hidden from view Contains basic drives and stores repressed memories. Acts on impulse, sexual, physical, and emotional pleasures. Ego: Operates according to the reality principle Mediates the conflict between id and superego Conscious, rational part of personality. Superego: Consists of moral ideals and conscience

2 Conscious, rational part of personality. Superego: Consists of moral ideals and conscience Values from parents, society. Common Sense The Structure of Personality Pleasure Principle: In psychoanalysis, the id s boundless drive for immediate gratification Reality Principle In psychoanalysis, the ego s capacity to delay gratification Psychosexual Development Psychosexual Stages Freud s stages of personality development during which pleasure is derived from different parts of the body Oral (the first year of life) Anal (ages -3) Phallic (ages 4-6) When Oedipus complex and identification occur Latency period (ages 7-) Genital (starting at puberty) Oral stage Age: st year Desires: Oral stimulation by sucking, eating, crying, and babbling. Challenge: Overcoming dependency Later problems from this stage: Smoking Obesity Nail-biting Talkativeness Chewing Dependency Gluttony Gullibility Anal Stage Age: -3 years Desires: Anal stimulation by bladder and bowel functions. Challenge: Toilet training, Self-Control Later Problems: Messiness Excessive cleanliness Temper tantrums stinginess Destructiveness Coldness, distance, aloofness Cruelty

3 Destructiveness Cruelty Coldness, distance, aloofness 3 4 Phallic stage Age: 3 6 Years Desires: Stimulation of genitals Challenges: Resolving Oedipus Complex, involving erotic attraction to parent or opposite sex and hostility to parent of same sex. Later Problems: Masturbation ( immature sexual expression) Jealousy Egocentric sex Sexual conquests Problems with parents Latency Stage Age: 6 puberty Desires: Repression of sexual and aggressive desires, including those involved in the Oedipus Complex Challenge: Consciously: learning modesty and shame Unconsciously: dealing with repressed Oedipal conflict Later Problems Excessive modesty Preference for company of Homosexuality(Freud disorder) same sex Genital Stage Age: puberty to adulthood Desires: Mature sexual relationships Challenges: Displacing energy into healthy activities. Establishing new relationship with parents. Later Problems: NONE Oedipus Complex According to Freud, a largely unconscious process wereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time identify with their fathers. This is if there is successful resolution Girls develop penis envy the female desire to have a penis, results in their attraction to males. 3

4 results in their attraction to males. The Psychodynamics of Personality Unconscious sexual and aggressive urges find acceptable forms of expression. Freud s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists Carl Jung Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious A kind of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution Alfred Adler Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and the notion that social conflicts are important in the development of personality. Freud s Legacy Neo-Freudian Theorists Later generations considered themselves classical Freudians or expanded psychoanalysis in two directions. One direction focused on social relationships. The other direction enlarged the role of the ego. Projective Personality Tests Projective Tests Allow people to project unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli Rorschach A test in which people are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblots Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A test in which people are asked to make up stories from a set of ambiguous pictures Thematic Apperception Test Sample Item Tell a story of what is happening in the picture Current Perspectives on 4

5 3 4 Current Perspectives on There are three major criticisms of psychoanalysis: The theory s portrait of human nature is too bleak. The theory does not meet acceptable scientific standards. Research fails to support many of its propositions. Current Perspectives on Two enduring aspects of the theory remain influential: The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the importance of the unconscious). The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is supported throughout psychology in studies of attention, thinking, feeling, etc. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Cognitive Social-Learning Theory An approach to personality that focuses on social learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and the person-situation interaction The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Principles of Learning and Behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Discrimination Extinction The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Social-Learning Theory Modeling The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated Locus of Control The expectancy that one s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors Self-Efficacy 5

6 Self-Efficacy The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome Julian Rotter Believed that people s expectations shape behavior and personality. Internal factors External factors Locus control The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Perspectives on Cognitive Social Learning Theory Reciprocal Determinism Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments. Humanistic Theory An approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers Rogers Theory Unconditional Positive Regard The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified Conditional Positive Regard The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one s behavior Carl Rogers Self-Esteem A positive or negative evaluation of the self Self-Schemas Specific beliefs about the self that influence how people interpret self-relevant information 6

7 Self-Esteem Self-Discrepancy Theory According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves. Abraham Maslow The State of Self-Actualization Csikszentmihalyi studied this, based on Maslow s writings. A state of flow arises when engaging in activities demanding skill and challenge, but are not too difficult. Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach Praise for the Humanistic Approach For the idea that people are inherently good For placing importance on conscious mental experience For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of personality Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach For taking people s self-report statements at face value For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring human capacity for evil The Building Blocks of Personality Trait A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way Five-factor Model A model of personality that consists of five basic traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness Construction of Inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) A large scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits Most widely used personality instrument 7

8 Most widely used personality instrument Now the MMPI - Used in clinical and employment settings Easy to administer and relatively objective Caution should be used when interpreting the responses of people from different cultures MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales Biological Roots of Personality The Big Five personality dimensions were measured in 68 pairs of identical twins and 3 pairs of fraternal twins. Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 to 50% genetically determined. Introversion and Extraversion This is one of the most powerful dimensions of personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all over the world. Extravert A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive Introvert A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is low-key and cautious Perspectives: Do Traits Exist? Personality Consistency Across the Lifespan Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during childhood. The consistency of personality increases with age. Karen Horney The first feminist personality researcher. Attacked Freud s ideas about penis envy Instead social restraints were responsible for women feeling inferior to men. She added that men actually feel inferior to women because women have the ability to bear children, which she referred to 8

9 4 4 women have the ability to bear children, which she referred to as womb envy. She believed that conflicts within social relationships can cause anxiety that would disrupt the functioning of personality. Gordon Allport s Trait Theory Identified 8,000 personality trait. Central traits or source traits are easily recognized and have strong influence on personality Secondary traits or surface traits are more specific to certain situations and have less of an effect on personality. Hans Eysenck He studied introversion-extroversion and emotionality-stability. Introverts people who prefer privacy Extraverts people who are outgoing and enjoy social settings. Emotionality moody and worried Stability were calm and relaxed. 9