Science and the scientific method. Mr. Banks 7 th and 8 TH grade science

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1 Science and the scientific method Mr. Banks 7 th and 8 TH grade science

2 What is science? Science is the study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural universe, to find explanations to why and how things occur.

3 What is science? Scientists collect and organize information. They look for patterns and connections within the information they gather. Scientists then propose explanations that can be tested by examining evidence.

4 Observations and data Science begins with an observation about the universe. Plants grow differently based on how much they are watered. Different metals conduct electricity differently.

5 Observations and data An observation is the process of gathering information, or data, about something. Data is the information gathered from making observations.

6 Data There are two types of data. Quantitative data are observations that can be measured or counted. Ex. There are a certain number of males and females in this class. Qualitative data are observations that are descriptions or cannot be counted. Ex. The softness of a cat s fur.

7 Hypothesis A Hypothesis is a testable scientific explanation for a set of observations. The explanation must be testable to be a hypothesis.

8 The scientific method Scientists follow a set of guidelines when investigating natural occurrences. The scientific method is a procedure for asking and answering scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. It is a cycle where questions are asked, information is gathered, and new questions are asked.

9 The scientific method 1. Make an observation 2. Research 3. Create a hypothesis 4. Design an experiment 5. Gather and analyze data 6. Draw conclusions 7. Share results 8. Modify and repeat?

10 1. Make an observation Identify a question or problem you or others have observed. How much water can a plant s roots absorb? Why does a plant stem bend toward the light? What effect does temperature have on heart rate?

11 2. Research Find out if others have asked this question and find out what they found. Look online, in books, and in scientific journals.

12 3. Create a hypothesis After considering the information out there now, create a possible explanation to the question. This is just a prediction and must be tested.

13 4. Design an experiment A hypothesis must be tested. An experiment is a procedure designed to create a situation in which data can be gathered to support or refute a hypothesis. We ll talk about how to design an experiment later.

14 5. Gather and analyze data Data created by an experiment must be recorded and analyzed to determine if they are reliable and what they mean.

15 6. Draw conclusions What information did we learn? Has the hypothesis been supported or did the experiment indicate the hypothesis might be wrong? Do we need to conduct a new experiment?

16 7. Share the information Tell others, usually in written form, so when they do research about their own observations, they will have your information to help them. Science builds over time. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants. -Sir Isaac Newton

17 8. Modify and repeat? Do I need to repeat my experiment to learn more? Do I need to do a different experiment to gather more evidence? Usually, yes. Science is basically never finished.

18 Grog the ancient farmer 1. Make an observation 2. Research 3. Create a hypothesis 4. Design an experiment 5. Gather and analyze data 6. Draw conclusions 7. Share results 8. Modify and repeat?

19 Designing an experiment Scientific ideas must be tested by experimentation and gathering data. Scientific experiments must be designed in a deliberate way. Enough data must be gathered to learn something, but having too much in an experiment can make the results confusing.

20 Variables Variables are factors of an experiment that can change. Ex. Temperature, amount of light, time, concentration of chemicals, or species of animal. Some variables the scientist will changes, but others change on their own. In a well designed experiment, the scientist only changes one variable at a time. If multiple variables are changed at once, you might have trouble figuring out which one is effecting your results.

21 Variables There are two types of variables. The independent variable is the variable that is directly changed by the scientist. Remember, scientists usually only change ONE variable at a time.

22 Variables There are two types of variables. The dependent variable(s) are the changes observed during the experiment. This is the data collected during the experiment. Dependent variables change as a result of changing the independent variable.

23 Grog the ancient farmer What would be the independent and dependent variables in Grog s experiment?

24 Today you will need your interactive notebook, a glue stick, and a pair of scissors. Get these after you do your journal.

25 Variables Within an experiment there are two groups; the control and the experimental. The two groups are identical except for one factor. The independent variable. The experimental group is the group in which the independent variable has been changed.

26 Variables The control is the normal group in an experiment where everything, including the variable being tested, is kept at what is considered normal. This group s purpose is to serve as a comparison for the experimental group.

27 Example In order to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50 volunteers are selected and divided into two groups. One group will be the control group and the other will be the experimental group. Both groups are given a pill to take that is identical in size, shape, color and texture. Describe the experimental group. This group will receive the vaccine. Describe the control group. Even though they are given identical looking pills, they will not actually receive the vaccine. What variables are kept constant? What variable is being changed? The size, shape, color, and texture of the pill. Whether or not the pill contains the vaccine.

28 Practice Problem: You want to determine the effects of a certain fertilizer on the growth of tomatoes grown in a greenhouse. Materials that are available to you include: a greenhouse, 100 orchid plants, water, fertilizer, and soil. You want to know if the orchids will grow best with a weak concentration of fertilizer, a medium concentration of fertilizer, or a high concentration of fertilizer. How will you design an experiment to test different concentrations of this fertilizer? State your hypothesis: Possible answer: I predict that the orchids will grow best with a medium concentration of fertilizer.

29 How will you set up an experiment? The 100 plants will be divided into 4 groups as follows: Group 1: 25 plants will receive plain water. Group 2: 25 plants will receive a weak concentration of fertilizer. Group 3: 25 plants will receive a medium concentration of fertilizer. Group 4: 25 plants will receive a high concentration of fertilizer. The plants will be watered daily. Over a period of a month, the plants will be measured to see which ones grew the tallest.

30 Control Group Experimental Group What is the control group in this experiment? The control group consists of the 25 plants that are receiving plain water. What is the experimental group in this experiment? The experimental group consists of the 75 plants that are receiving various concentrations of fertilizer.

31 In a good experiment, all variables must be kept constant except the one variable that is being changed. What variables must be kept constant in this experiment? All plants must receive the same amount of water/fertilizer each day. All plants are grown in pots of equal size. All plants are grown at the same temperature. All plants receive the same amount of sunlight. All plants are the same species. What variable is being changed in this experiment? The variable being changed is the amount of fertilizer received by each group of plants.

32 After one month of measuring the corn, the following data is obtained: Group 1 (Control Group): Grew to an average height of 15 cm. Group 2 (Weak conc.): Grew to an average height of 35 cm. Group 3 (Medium conc.): Grew to an average height of 28 cm. Group 4 (High conc.): Grew to an average height of 10 cm. Is your hypothesis supported or disproved by these results? We hypothesized that the corn would grow best with a medium concentration of fertilizer. The results do not support our hypothesis.

33 Titling an experiment Scientific studies have simple, straight forward titles that often follow this format. The effect(s) of (the independent variable) on (the dependent variable. For example: The effect of different amounts of fertilizer on the height of corn plants. The title may be boring, but it is very informative.

34 Writing a hypothesis Hypotheses also generally follow a format in order to convey a lot of information. If (the independent variable) is (increased, decreased, changed), then (the dependent variable) will (increase, decrease, change). For example If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the corn will increase.

35 Question Why is it important to have a large sample size in any experiment? If the sample size is too small, an inaccurate conclusion may be reached. Ex. An accident occurs and the one control plant dies. Now we don t have anything to compare our experimental plants to. Vs.

36 Question Why is it important to repeat the experiment many times? Experiments should be repeated to see if the same results are obtained each time. This makes the results more believable. + +

37 Question What is the importance of the control? The control shows what will happen under normal circumstances. Without the control, there is nothing to compare your results to and no way to know how your independent variable effected your experiment.

38 On page 7 of your interactive notebook, I want you to come up with and create a picture that demonstrates the relationship between a pair of independent and dependent variables. Similar to the one below.

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