I. Methods of Sociology Because sociology is a science as well as being a theoretical discipline, it is important to know the ways in which

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1 I. Methods of Sociology Because sociology is a science as well as being a theoretical discipline, it is important to know the ways in which sociologists study society scientifically when they do research on a particular social problem or issue. In Sociological research, there are two different approaches one can take when looking at or studying a particular social situation. The two types are pretty much opposite one another, with its own set of techniques and philosophy. It is important to understand that each type is well suited for the particular type of inquiry into the specific issue although both methods can be used on the same problem.

2 A. Quantitative 1. Quantitative research designs are considered more scientific, objective, and tend to be more legitimate in social science circles. Whenever journal articles are written in Sociology, it is mostly the quantitative ones that get published in more prestigious journals. This doesn t mean it is better, but that is the way it is perceived by many. a. Quantitative research designs are numbers oriented, usually involving the collection of large amounts of numerical data that will be interpreted and analyzed using statistics b. Looks at likelihood or probabilities as well as comparisons of various groups using certain criteria. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative Research a. Advantages include: the availability of well established study designs in sociological literature analysis of data is easy and straight forward b. Disadvantages include: absence of first hand observation of social behaviors and phenomenon allowing the sociologists insight into group behavior and other social phenomena problems caused by sample sizes 3. Examples of Quantitative Research a. Survey The survey method of gathering data is probably the most common and widely used quantitative methods. It is based on asking specific questions -- when combined create a construct of what the researcher is trying to find (ex. Prejudice) The assumption is that some behavior or situation can be understood if they are given honest through answers to a series of questions that relate to what they are looking for. There are many types of surveys, such as written, monitored questionnaires; mailed questionnaires; man on the street interviews; and telephone surveys You may have all experienced surveys at one time or another through work, school, or on the telephone (telemarketing) at the most inconvenient time you could possibly think of.

3 Population: When a survey is done, it is directed at some sort of population, which is basically any group that the researcher is studying (ex. Students, the elderly, those on welfare, etc.) It would be impossible to survey everyone in an entire population, especially if you were looking at a country, or even all students in the United States it would be too time consuming and would cost too much, plus the chances of everyone wanting to participate are slim. Thus, researchers use a sample of smaller cases and use it to represent the entire population Representative Sample: Rather than even using a large sample, researchers try to at least get a representative sample. It acts as a small mirror of the population, thus it demands that there be equal or close to equal proportions in the sample of different groups as you would find in the population (ex. African Americans, Whites, women, elderly, gays, etc.) Thus the sample can be generalized to the population, the same outcomes that are true for the sample should be true for the population. Thus, even small samples can lead to accurate estimates of a large population is the magic number for being able to generalize to most any size population. Random Sampling: The best way to achieve generality is to use a random sample. This is where everyone in the population has an equal and same chance of being chosen to be in the sample. Thus, what is true of your sample is most likely true for the rest of the population. Many times computers are used or tables of many numbers called random number tables, where you choose the first number by closing your eyes and pointing then choose every sixth or tenth or whatever. Keep in mind that if the sample is improperly drawn, research bias can occur (a biased sample is used). This can create misleading results.

4 b. Controlled Experiment: Another quantitative method is the controlled experiment. This isn t used much in sociology because sociologists try to look at social phenomenon or things that go on in society -- not an artificial laboratory. This is where relationships are looked at between two variables in highly controlled conditions. The experimental group in an experiment is the group that receives the treatment, is the one tested, or observed. The control group does not receive the treatment but is used as the comparison to the treated group. There are many kinds of experimental designs that can be used (pretest posttest, posttest, pretest, etc.) This technique is mostly used in psychology where unwitting freshmen are subjected to the tests of professors and grad students.

5 B. Qualitative 1. When sociologists use qualitative methods, they are looking for subjective understandings, interpretations, and meanings. They are used so the researcher can get an overall feeling and totalistic understanding of the particular phenomena. It rarely uses statistical analysis and the subjects are looked at over time, notes are taken. Acquire a deeper understanding of what is going on see the situation as the people themselves do (Symbolic Interactionism) Allows one to capture the feel, texture, and meaning of the behavior and the context within which it takes place. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Research a. The advantages are: firsthand observations allowing for insights into group and social dynamics flexibility in modifying research interests while in the field b. Disadvantages are: the subjectivity of the researcher (bias) uncertainty of representativeness generalizability is uncertain as well 3. Examples of Qualitative Research a. Historical records: this is research based on old letters, diaries, journals, or records (birth, death, etc.). It provides detailed information and broad explanations situates research in history. The information can be used to compare situations across history, but can also be biased. (History written by the victors, rich better documented, illegal immigrants, illiterate, rural populations, etc.) b. Interviews and Life Histories: Asks questions of a respondents and then records the answers (Structured Interview). Look for meaning and symbolism in the answers Life Histories involve a series on interviews or one long interview that looks for changes in the person over time, why those changes occurred, and how it affected the person. c. Participant Observation: One of the most common qualitative research designs, this places the researcher in the actual environment of the person or persons they are trying to study either overt or covert. The sociologist goes in the field to observe people and behaviors naturally. Just notes are taken. C. Ethics: It is important to remember in social research, in any kind of research, that the subjects of the study should not be harmed in any way (mentally or physically). a. Questions causing emotional damage or embarrassment b. Privacy and Anonymity concerns c. ASA attempts to protect subjects and universities have the Human Subjects review Board (HSRB).

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