Lecture Series: Chapter 9 Every Person Is to Be Prized: Pages: 20 Carl Rogers

Transcription

1 Dikran J. Martin Psychology 116 Name:. Date:. Lecture Series: Chapter 9 Every Person Is to Be Prized: Pages: 20 Carl Rogers TEXT: Allen, Bem P., (2003). Personality Theories (4th.) New York: Allen & Bacon. Principal Features Rogers, the Person " (Carl) Rogers fruitfully applied his knowledge to scientific procedure during his career. However, he use it more to show that his therapy was effective, to acknowledge the biological side of humans, and to render his concepts testable, than as a comprehensive approach to understanding people." "The figure having perhaps the most impact on Rogers was disaffected former Freudian, Otto Rank, who believed that the trauma of birth is the first of many 'separations' people must abide during their lives." Complete the following: "The following elements of Rank's theory had great impact on Rogers: "(1) The patient's self-acceptance and affirmation learned in the (202) protective environment of psychotherapy" transfers to the "(2) the pre-oedipal mother-child relationship is the prototype of the -1-

2 Rogers, the Person (Continued) "(3) the role of the therapist is to create positive experiences that` (202) allow patients to discover their "(4) patients should freely verbalize their thoughts and emotions with the therapist acting only to "(5) the emphasis is on the patient's immediate "Rogers came to the realization that Freud's ideas were in great conflict with rigorous, scientific aspects of his academic training." "Relying on his own clinical experiences with people, he began formulating a person-centered point of view: the person seeking guidance should choose the direction of personality change." What do the following statements mean? " Rogers rejected the medical model." "Instead, he endorsed the growth model." -2-

3 Rogers View of the Person Complete the following: "Rogers's point of view revolves around a subdiscipline of psychology he helped found." "Humanistic psychology emphasizes the (203) "Proponents of humanistic psychology proclaimed their movement a 'major breakthrough,' because of the primary importance it placed on understanding "This emphasis also characterizes psychology's holistic points of view, in which every person is understood in a What does the following statement mean? "Humanistic psychology emerged from (203 & 205) two other philosophical orientations one of which (is) existentialism." -3-

4 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) What does the following statement mean? "In addition (Rogers) adopts Sartre's (205) belief that we are our choices " Complete the following: "(Rollo) May [Note Chapter 8, Page 178] agreed with Viktor Frankl's contention that, more and more people show up for therapy not because of the usual 'neurotic' symptoms, but because they are "To (Rollo) May, psychotherapy addresses six basic existential issues." "First, the existing person is centered in "An attack on that center is an attack on the person's "What we call 'neurosis' is the process by which a person attempts to What does the following statement mean? "Simply removing the neurosis, therefore, is not an existentially valid strategy." -4-

5 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) What do the following statements mean? "The second process involves (205) self-affirmation " "The third process highlights the need for all existing people to go 'out from their centeredness ' " "The fourth process is based on ( ) the principle that 'the subjective side of centeredness is awareness.' " "The fifth process revolves around (206) the uniquely human form of awareness, self-consciousness." -5-

6 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) What do the following statements mean? "The sixth process involves anxiety " (206) " existential psychotherapy elicited ( ) a number of interesting, testable hypotheses from Rogers." -6-

7 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) "The second orientation contributing to humanistic psychology is a method of addressing reality that is a strong companion to existentialism." Complete the following: "Phenomenology encompasses a search for essential issues, an emphasis (207) on What do the following statements mean? "There are as many 'real worlds' as there are people!" "If we wish to understand a person We do so by showing empathy " "What is most personal is most general." -7-

8 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) What does the following statement mean? "Rogers adopted an organismic approach " (207) " Rogers's theory of therapy is now usually called the person-centered approach." What is the central hypothesis of the person-centered (208) orientation? What was an essential difference between Carl Rogers's person-centered orientation and Freudian psychoanalytic theory? -8-

9 Rogers View of the Person (Continued) What does the following statement mean? " learning is experiential as well (208) as cognitive." Basic Concepts: Rogers Actualization: General and Specific The General Actualizing Tendency. What does the following statement mean? "All living things display the general actualizing tendency " Complete the following: "The actualizing tendency has four significant characteristics that express themselves through a wide range of behaviors: "1. It is organismic an inborn, (209) "2. It is an active process that accounts for organisms always -9-

10 Basic Concepts: Rogers (Continued) "3. It is directional rather than random, it inclines every (209) "4. It is selective, meaning that not all of an organism's potentialities are Self-actualization. What does the following statement mean? " Rogers postulated a specifically human tendency, self-actualization " Complete the following: "Rogers associated the process of self-actualization with enhanced functioning in three areas." "First, self-actualization involves an increased openness to experience, which is all the "Second, the self-actualizing person lives existentially "Third, the self-actualizing person places full trust in -10-

11 The Importance of the Self Self as Self-perceptions. What was Carl Rogers's view of the self? (210) What was Carl Rogers's view of the ideal self? Congruence with Experience. What was Carl Rogers's view of a person in a state of congruence? What was Carl Rogers's view of a person in a state of incongruence? What was Carl Rogers's view of a person in a state of denial? -11-

12 The Importance of the Self (Continued) What was Carl Rogers's view of the defensive tactic (210) he identified as distortion? [Example] Congruence with experience. ( ) Personality Development: Some Favorable Conditions What determines whether a person's self-concept becomes (212) congruent or incongruent with experience? -12-

13 Unconditional Positive Regard What was Carl Rogers's description of positive regard? (212) What was Carl Rogers's description of unconditional ( ) positive regard? How, according to Carl Rogers, can a person receive (213) positive regard under unproductive circumstances? What, according to Carl Rogers, is a common misconception about unconditional positive regard? -13-

14 Accurate Empathy. What was Carl Rogers's description of accurate (213) empathy? Congruence in Relations with a Therapist and Others What was Carl Rogers's view of congruence in relations ( ) with a therapist and others? Developing Positive Self-regard. What was Carl Rogers's view of positive self-regard? (214) What was Carl Rogers's description of locus of evaluation? -14-

15 Procedures for Changing Personality: Client-Centered Therapy "Rogers's ideas about personality development, when applied to personcentered therapy, involve the assumption that, if certain conditions exist, then a characteristic process of personality change will occur." Complete the following: "These conditions are (214) "The direction of change for clients in Rogerian therapy is from a personality that is fixed, separated, and tied to the past to one that is "Seven characteristic stages of this process unfold during therapy according to Rogers:" "Stage 1. The client's communications are mostly about "Stage 2. The client describes feelings but does not recognize or "Stage 3. The client talks about self as an "Stage 4. The client experiences feelings in the present, but mainly just "Stage 5. The client experiences and expresses feelings freely in the -15-

16 Procedures for Changing Personality: Client-Centered Therapy (Continued) Complete the following: "Stage 6. The client accepts his or her feelings in all their (215) "Stage 7. The client trusts new experiences and "If these processes occurs, then certain cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes will occur." "These changes, wrought in therapy, lead the person closer to self-actualization." "They reflect increases in congruence, openness to experience, adjustment, correspondence between actual and ideal self, positive self-regard, and acceptance of self and others." [Example] Hypothetical therapy session. ( ) -16-

17 Evaluation General Contributions What has been Carl Rogers s impact on personality psychology (216) and psychotherapy? Caring about the Person in Human Relationships ` What does the following statement mean? "In person-centered therapy, the therapist ( ) is not a blank screen or expert technician, but a person." [Illustration] Carl Rogers in person-centered therapy. ( ) -17-

18 Rogers's Scientific Contributions "Rogers has changed the field of psychotherapy through subjecting his clinical observations to research investigation." How did Carl Rogers and his students demystify psychotherapy? (217) How did Carl Rogers change professionals' ideas about scientific procedures and theory? " a number of Rogers's concepts can be translated into a form amenable to scientific testing." [Example] Carl Rogers's concepts translated into scientific testing. ( ) -18-

19 Limitations "Although emphasis on subjective experience is a major contribution, it creates limitations in regard to the scientific status of Rogers's personality theory and therapy." Acceptance of Conscious, Self-reported Experience What have been the telling points made by the critics of ( ) self-reported experiences? The Nondirective Approach " (Rogers) methods are apparently not for everyone." [Illustrations] Frustrations with the nondirective approach. (220) -19-

20 Some Problems with Basic Assumptions Why is it difficult to state Carl Rogers's basic assumptions? (220) Allegations Regarding Rogers's Genuineness and Repudiation of Views How have critics denigrated Carl Rogers's therapeutic style ( ) and basic assumptions? Conclusions "Carl Rogers was many things to many people." [Illustrations] Carl Rogers was many things to many people. END -20-