(Specification A) PSYA2 (JAN09PSYA201) General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2009

Transcription

1 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2009 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences PSYA2 Question Mark Tuesday 13 January am to am 8 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 14 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 14, you will be marked on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JAN09PSYA201) G/K /6/6 PSYA2

2 2 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 You are a passenger in a car that has suddenly slammed on its brakes to avoid hitting a dog. Your breathing quickens, your mouth is dry and you have a feeling of butterflies in your stomach. But after a few minutes these physical changes start to disappear. Using your knowledge of the body s response to stress, explain why you are likely to have experienced: 1 (a) the changes that occurred in the first 30 seconds;.... (2 marks) 1 (b) the changes that occurred after a few minutes..... (2 marks) (02) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

3 3 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 4 marks 2 A doctor has been given a new drug to test, which is intended to help boost the immune system and help prevent people from getting colds. How have psychologists investigated the relationship between stress and the immune system? (4 marks) (Extra space) Turn over for the next question Turn over (03) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

4 4 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 4 marks 3 (a) Outline what is meant by Type A behaviour..... (2 marks) 3 (b) Outline a method used by psychologists to assess whether someone shows Type A behaviour..... (2 marks) Total for this question: 4 marks 4 Psychologists have found that the physical environment (eg noise and heat) can be a source of stress in the workplace. Apart from the physical environment, outline two other sources of stress in the workplace (2 marks + 2 marks) (04) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

5 7 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions. 6 The following statements are all related to conformity. A Doing what the group does in order to be liked by them. B Doing what the group does because we do not know what else to do. Total for this question: 2 marks C Going along with the group, even if we do not really agree with what they are doing. D Going along with the group because we accept their beliefs and attitudes into our own cognitions. In the table below, write which statement, A, B, C or D, describes each type of conformity. Type of conformity Internalisation Compliance Statement (2 marks) Turn over for the next question Turn over (07) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

6 8 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 2 marks 7 When we are in a large group of friends, it is very easy to agree with them and simply go along with their views. However, sometimes we are able to resist the pressure to conform. Using what you have learned from studying conformity, outline one reason why we might resist the pressure to conform (2 marks) Total for this question: 10 marks 8 Milgram s work into obedience provided us with valuable insights into why people obey, even though it was carried out in a laboratory. 8 (a) Outline two explanations of why people obey (2 marks + 2 marks) (08) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

7 9 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 8 (b) Milgram s work can be criticised for being unethical. Describe one way in which his work is unethical..... (2 marks) 8 (c) Apart from ethical issues, give one strength and one limitation of Milgram s methodology (2 marks + 2 marks) Turn over for the next question Turn over (09) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

8 10 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 4 marks 9 In a hospital, you are very likely to obey a nurse. However, if you meet her hospital, for example in a shop, you are much less likely to obey. Using your knowledge of how people resist pressures to obey, explain why you are less likely to obey the nurse outside the hospital (4 marks) (Extra space) (10) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

9 11 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 10 What are the implications for social change of research into social influence? (6 marks) (Extra space) Turn over for the next section Turn over (11) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

10 12 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Answer all questions. Total for this question: 3 marks 11 Before leaving the house each morning, Angus has to go round checking that all the lights are switched off. He has to do this several times before he leaves and it makes him late for work. 11 (a) Give one definition of abnormality... (1 mark) 11 (b) Use this definition to explain why Angus behaviour might be viewed as abnormal..... (2 marks) Total for this question: 4 marks 12 (a) Which two of the following statements (A E) apply to the behavioural approach to psychopathology? Tick the two correct es. A B C D E Unresolved conflicts in childhood affect adult behaviour. All behaviour is learned in the same way. Abnormal behaviour is caused by faulty thinking. The same basic laws that explain animal behaviour can also explain human behaviour. Irrational thoughts lead to abnormal behaviour. (2 marks) (12) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

11 13 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 12 (b) Explain one limitation of the behavioural approach to psychopathology..... (2 marks) Total for this question: 5 marks 13 Claire constantly worries that she will be unable to finish a task. She thinks that if she does not complete it perfectly, it will not be worth doing. These thoughts are so bad that she finds it difficult starting anything and her work is suffering. 13 (a) Outline what is involved in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (3 marks) 13 (b) Why might Cognitive Behavioural Therapy be appropriate for Claire?.... (2 marks) Turn over for the next question Turn over (13) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

12 14 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 14 Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. You may use this space to plan your answer Total for this question: 12 marks (14) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

13 15 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (12 marks) (Extra space) END OF QUESTIONS (15) G/K40110/Jan09/PSYA2

14 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2009 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Friday 15 May 2009 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm PSYA2 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be marked on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Question TOTAL Mark (JUN09PSYA201) G/K /6/6/3 PSYA2

15 2 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions. Total for this question: 3 marks 1 The following are features of the pituitary-adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway. Tick the es next to three features of the sympathomedullary pathway. Noradrenaline Pituitary gland Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Sympathetic nervous system (Tick three es only) (3 marks) 3 Total for this question: 6 marks 2 Questionnaires have often been used in stress research to measure the impact of life changes on health. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using questionnaires in stress research. One advantage (02) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

16 3 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking One disadvantage (3 marks + 3 marks) 6 Total for this question: 5 marks 3 During the last few months, Paula has suffered from headaches and colds, and has been having difficulty sleeping. She decided to keep a diary and found that her headaches, colds and sleep problems were associated with experiences such as having too much homework, losing house keys and being stuck in traffic. 3 (a) What is the name for these sorts of stress-related experiences?. (1 mark) 3 (b) Use your knowledge of psychology to explain why Paula might be feeling unwell (4 marks) (Extra space) Turn over (03) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

17 4 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 10 marks 4 Discuss one or more physiological methods of stress management (04) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

18 5 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (10 marks) (Extra space) Turn over (05) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

19 6 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (Extra space for Question 4) (06) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

20 7 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions. 5 Explain what is meant by locus of control. Total for this question: 4 marks (4 marks) (Extra space) Total for this question: 2 marks 6 It is Ani s first day in a new job and he spends a lot of time watching to see what his colleagues are doing, so that he will fit in with them and be liked. Explain Ani s behaviour in terms of compliance (2 marks) 2 Turn over (07) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

21 8 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 7 (a) Outline one method that psychologists have used to study conformity. Total for this question: 6 marks.... (2 marks) 7 (b) Explain one limitation of this method..... (2 marks) 7 (c) Suggest an appropriate way of overcoming this limitation..... (2 marks) 6 (08) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

22 9 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 8 Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of why people obey. You may use this space to plan your answer Total for this question: 12 marks Turn over (09) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

23 10 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (12 marks) (10) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

24 11 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (Extra space) Turn over (11) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

25 12 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Answer all questions. Total for this question: 6 marks 9 (a) Describe key features of the behavioural approach to psychopathology (4 marks) (Extra space) (b) Outline one limitation of the behavioural approach to psychopathology..... (2 marks) 6 (12) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

26 13 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 10 One way of defining abnormality is to see whether or not someone meets the criteria for mental health. Ivan has high self-esteem and a strong sense of identity. 10 (a) Describe two other criteria that you would expect Ivan to display if he were psychologically healthy. Criteria Criteria (2 marks + 2 marks) 10 (b) Outline one weakness of defining abnormality in terms of mental health..... (2 marks) 6 Turn over for the next question Turn over (13) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

27 14 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 8 marks 11 Sally often gets anxious for no apparent reason. She believes that people do not like her and becomes distressed when she has to meet strangers. She is very nervous when faced with new or unexpected situations. Sally has been referred to a therapist for psychoanalysis. 11 (a) Outline two techniques used in psychoanalysis. Technique Technique (2 marks + 2 marks) 11 (b) Sally asks whether there are any problems with this therapy. What would you tell her?.... (2 marks) 11 (c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is another psychological therapy. Explain why this might be an appropriate therapy for Sally s problems..... (2 marks) 8 (14) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

28 15 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 4 marks 12 Describe the use of ECT (electro-convulsive therapy) in treating abnormality (4 marks) (Extra space) END OF QUESTIONS (15) G/K44361/Jun09/PSYA2

29 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2010 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences PSYA2 Question Mark Thursday 21 January 2010 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes 9.00 am to am Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins will not be marked. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets. TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 10 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 10, you will be marked on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JAN10PSYA201) G/K /6/6/6/6/ PSYA2

30 2 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 3 marks 1 Outline the main features of the pituitary-adrenal system (3 marks) 3 Total for this question: 4 marks 2 Sandy and Vandita play for the same netball team. Two weeks ago, while playing in a competition, they both grazed their elbows. Vandita s wound is healing well, but Sandy s wound is taking much longer to heal. Sandy is very worried about the plans for her wedding and her forthcoming house move. Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why Sandy s wound is taking longer to heal than Vandita s (4 marks) (02) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

31 3 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (Extra space) Total for this question: 6 marks 3 (a) One measure of the functioning of the immune system is the level of activity of white blood cells. What does the graph below tell you about the relationship between stress and the level of activity of white blood cells? Measure of white blood cell activity as a percentage of normal level.... (2 marks) Turn over (03) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

32 4 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 3 (b) Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlations in stress research. Strength Weakness (4 marks) 6 Total for this question: 5 marks 4 Describe personality factors that have been shown to influence the way people respond to stress (5 marks) (Extra space) (04) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

33 5 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 5 Mr Harris is about to move his business into a brand new building. He is very keen to create a healthy working environment and reduce workplace stress. In this way, he hopes to improve productivity and reduce absenteeism. What advice would you give Mr Harris? Use your knowledge of psychological research in this area (6 marks) (Extra space) Turn over (05) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

34 6 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 6 (a) Explain what is meant by internalisation in the context of conformity (b) Explain what is meant by compliance in the context of conformity..... (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 (06) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

35 7 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 7 In an experiment into conformity, an experimenter varied both the number of confederates (stooges) and the ambiguity of the task. The bar chart below shows the findings. 50 Percentages of conformity for different tasks and size of majority 40 Percentage of people conforming A B C D Large majority Small majority (8 confederates in group) (2 confederates in group) Experimental conditions Key Very ambiguous task Very easy and unambiguous task 7 (a) What does the bar chart show about conformity? (4 marks) Turn over (07) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

36 8 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (Extra space) (b) Most research into conformity takes place in a laboratory. Outline one strength of conducting research into conformity in a laboratory..... (2 marks) 6 (08) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

37 9 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 8 marks 8 Three students, George, Petra and Dan, have just started in the sixth form. Dan is a confident person who thinks that his fate lies firmly in his hands. By the end of the first week, Dan has put himself forward to be nominated as the class representative. Petra has also put her name forward to be nominated. She believes it is just luck whether or not she will be selected and feels that there is not much she can do about it. George did not put his name forward because his father told him not to. 8 (a) (i) What type of locus of control does Petra s behaviour show? (a) (ii) What type of locus of control does Dan s behaviour show? (a) (iii) George did not put his name forward as the class representative. Use your knowledge of social influence research to explain this (1 mark + 1 mark + 2 marks) Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over (09) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

38 10 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking 8 (b) Which one of the three students is most likely to resist pressures to conform? Use your knowledge of psychology to explain your choice (4 marks) (Extra space) (10) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

39 11 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 9 Describe how social influence research has contributed to our understanding of social change (6 marks) (Extra space) Turn over for the next section Turn over (11) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

40 12 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 12 marks 10 Abnormality is very difficult to define. It can be hard to decide where normal behaviour ends and abnormal behaviour begins. Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality. You may use this space to plan your answer (12) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

41 13 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (12 marks) (Extra space) Turn over (13) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

42 14 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking (Extra space) (14) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

43 15 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 11 Identify and outline key features of two psychological approaches to psychopathology. Approach 1... Key features Approach 2... Key features (6 marks) 6 Turn over for the next question Turn over (15) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

44 16 Areas outside the will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 6 marks 12 Hamish has a phobia of heights. This phobia has now become so bad that he has difficulty in going to his office on the third floor, and he cannot even sit on the top deck of a bus any more. He has decided to try systematic de-sensitisation to help him with his problem. Explain how the therapist might use systematic de-sensitisation to help Hamish to overcome his phobia (6 marks) (Extra space) END OF QUESTIONS Copyright 2010 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. (16) G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2

45 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2010 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences PSYA2 Question Mark Thursday 10 June am to am 8 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s) TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 3 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 3, you will be marked on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (Jun10psya201) G/T /6/6/ PSYA2

46 3 Total for this question: 6 marks 2 Harry always meets deadlines. He hates being late and always likes to keep himself busy with plenty to do. Alex does not mind being late for anything and although he tries to meet deadlines, he is not worried if he misses some of them. 2 (a) Is Harry or Alex more likely to have Type A personality? Explain why having Type A personality makes him more likely to suffer the negative effects of stress. (1 mark + 3 marks) Extra space... 2 (b) Outline one way in which psychologists measure Type A personality. (2 marks) 6 Turn over (03) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

47 4 Total for this question: 12 marks 3 Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. You may use this space to plan your answer (04) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

48 5 (12 marks) Turn over (05) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

49 6 Extra space (06) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

50 7 Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 6 marks 4 (a) Milgram s experiments into obedience can be criticised as being unethical. Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram s research. Ethical Issue One... Ethical Issue Two... (4 marks) 4 (b) Choose one of the ethical issues identified in your answer to 4(a) and explain a way of dealing with it. (2 marks) 6 Turn over for the next question Turn over (07) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

51 8 Total for this question: 4 marks 5 For many years, smoking in public places such as trains, pubs and restaurants was quite acceptable. People could smoke wherever they wanted and non-smokers had to put up with smoky atmospheres. However, in 2007, the Government finally introduced a law banning smoking in public places and those who smoke are limited in where they can smoke. Using your knowledge of the psychology of social change, explain how this social change has occurred. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 (08) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

52 9 6 Explain how locus of control influences independent behaviour. Total for this question: 4 marks (4 marks) Extra space The following phrases refer to different types of conformity. Total for this question: 2 marks Select the two phrases that describe internalisation. Tick two es only. A The deepest level of conformity. B The individual conforms publicly with the rest of the group but may privately disagree with them. C The beliefs of the group become part of the individual s own belief system. D The individual goes along with the group but does not agree with them. E The individual changes his/her beliefs, but it is a temporary change. (2 marks) 2 Turn over (09) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

53 10 8 Outline and evaluate explanations of conformity. Total for this question: 8 marks (8 marks) Extra space... 8 (10) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

54 11 Section C Individual Differences Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 9 (a) Outline two definitions of abnormality. Total for this question: 8 marks Definition One... Definition Two... (3 marks + 3 marks) 9 (b) Choose one of these definitions and describe a limitation associated with it. (2 marks) 8 Turn over (11) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

55 12 Total for this question: 8 marks 10 (a) Outline key features of the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. (4 marks) Extra space (b) The behavioural approach assumes that abnormal behaviour is learnt through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and imitation. Evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (4 marks) (12) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

56 13 Extra space... 8 Total for this question: 8 marks 11 Dr Francis has been treating a patient with severe depression. He has been prescribing anti-depressant drugs and although, initially, the patient appeared to show some improvement, it was only temporary. Dr Francis has offered her ECT but she knows very little about it. 11 (a) What information could Dr Francis give to the patient about this therapy? (4 marks) Extra space... Question 11 continues on the next page Turn over (13) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

57 14 11 (b) The patient decides not to have ECT and asks Dr Francis what other therapies are available. He suggests Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Describe how CBT would be used to treat her. (4 marks) Extra space... 8 END OF QUESTIONS (14) G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

58 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2011 Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Wednesday 19 January 2011 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions 9.00 am to am PSYA2 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 12 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 12, you will be marked on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Question TOTAL Mark (Jan11psyA201) G/T /6/6/ PSYA2

59 2 Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 8 marks 1 (a) The following are examples of stress in everyday life, some are life changes and some are daily hassles. From the list, select two examples of life changes and two examples of daily hassles. A B C D E F G H Divorce Household chores Room temperature Retirement from work Traffic jams Getting married Changing school Missing the bus Life changes: select two from the list above and write one letter in each. Daily hassles: select two from the list above and write one letter in each. (4 marks) 1 (b) Explain what psychological research has shown about the stressful impact of either life changes or daily hassles. (4 marks) Extra space... 8 (02) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

60 3 2 (a) Questionnaires have been used by psychologists to investigate stress. Total for this question: 4 marks Explain one possible ethical issue that might arise when using questionnaires in this area of psychology. 2 (b) Apart from ethics, explain one other problem of using questionnaires to investigate stress. (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (03) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

61 5 Total for this question: 6 marks 4 Karen has been feeling extremely stressed for several months. She has recently been promoted at work and is worried that she is not able to do the job properly in spite of praise from her managers. She also finds it very difficult to say no when colleagues ask for assistance. Her health is suffering and she decides to try Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to help manage her stress. Explain what is involved in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and how it could be used to help Karen. (6 marks) 6 Turn over for the next section Turn over (05) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

62 6 Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 6 marks 5 (a) Explain what is meant by informational social influence. 5 (b) Explain what is meant by normative social influence. (3 marks + 3 marks) 6 (06) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

63 7 Total for this question: 4 marks 6 Some research into obedience has been carried out in laboratories. Other studies into obedience have been carried out in the real world, including field experiments and observations. 6 (a) Outline one advantage of conducting obedience research outside a laboratory setting. 6 (b) Outline one limitation of conducting obedience research outside a laboratory setting. (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 Total for this question: 8 marks 7 Discuss one or more explanations of independent behaviour, for example, how people resist pressures to conform or obey. Turn over (07) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

64 8 (8 marks) Extra space... 8 (08) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

65 9 Total for this question: 6 marks 8 Mike and his grandfather were having a conversation about recycling. Mike explained that he always puts empty cans and plastic bottles in one and newspapers and cardboard in another and that his mum takes these to be recycled once a week. His grandfather said that when he was Mike s age, people did not recycle. Mike said that everyone in his street recycles and that they have a big at school especially for recycling. Using your knowledge of the psychology of social change, explain why recycling is now behaviour carried out by a majority of people in this country. (6 marks) Extra space... 6 Turn over (09) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

66 10 Section C Individual Differences Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 3 marks 9 Identify one definition of abnormality and explain one limitation associated with this definition. (3 marks) 3 (10) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

67 11 Total for this question: 4 marks 10 A psychologist collected data on the effectiveness of three types of therapies for different types of disorders. The results are displayed in the bar chart below. 60 Percentage of patients who improved according to type of disorder and type of therapy 50 Percentage of patients who show improvement after 6 months of therapy Key Biological therapies Behavioural therapies Psychoanalytic therapies 10 0 A B Type of disorder C What conclusions about the effectiveness of different therapies can you draw from the bar chart? (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over (11) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

68 12 Total for this question: 5 marks 11 (a) Describe systematic de-sensitisation as a method of treating abnormality. (3 marks) 11 (b) Explain one weakness of systematic de-sensitisation. (2 marks) 5 (12) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

69 13 Total for this question: 12 marks 12 Freud s views on the origins of abnormal behaviour and ways of treating it had a great impact on psychology. Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality. You may use this space to plan your answer Turn over (13) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

70 14 (12 marks) (14) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

71 15 Extra space for Question END OF QUESTIONS (15) G/T62937/Jan11/PSYA2

72 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2011 Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Tuesday 7 June 2011 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm PSYA2 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 6 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 6, you will be assessed on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Question TOTAL Mark (JUn11psyA201) G/T /6/6/ PSYA2

73 2 Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 The body s response to stress includes the pituitary-adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway. The following are all features of this stress response. A B C D E F Adrenal medulla Noradrenaline Adrenal cortex Adrenaline Cortisol/Corticosteroids Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Select two from the above list that are linked to the pituitary-adrenal system and two from the list that are linked to the sympathomedullary pathway. Put one letter in each. Pituitary-adrenal system Sympathomedullary pathway (4 marks) 4 (02) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

74 3 Total for this question: 4 marks 2 Psychologists sometimes use questionnaires to find out about stress. Explain two strengths of using questionnaires in research. Strength one... Strength two... (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (03) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

75 4 3 Describe one or more studies of workplace stress. Total for this question: 5 marks (5 marks) Extra space... 5 (04) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

76 5 Total for this question: 5 marks 4 Mark is very competitive and he hates losing any game he plays. At work, he is often impatient and likes working to tight deadlines. He can become quite hostile when challenged. 4 (a) What personality type is Mark likely to have? (1 mark) 4 (b) Using your knowledge of how personality factors can affect the body s response to stress, explain how Mark might respond to the effects of stress. (4 marks) Extra space... 5 Turn over for the next question Turn over (05) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

77 6 5 (a) Name one psychological method of stress management. Total for this question: 6 marks (1 mark) 5 (b) Explain strengths of this psychological method of stress management. (5 marks) Extra space... 6 (06) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

78 7 Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 12 marks 6 Not everyone conforms or obeys authority; some people resist these pressures and remain independent. Outline and evaluate research relating to independent behaviour. You may use this space to plan your answer Turn over (07) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

79 8 (12 marks) (08) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

80 9 Extra space for Question Turn over (09) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

81 10 Total for this question: 4 marks 7 (a) Explain why it is sometimes necessary to deceive participants in social influence research. (2 marks) 7 (b) Describe one way in which deception has been dealt with in social influence research. (2 marks) 4 (10) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

82 11 Total for this question: 4 marks 8 Jan and Norah have just finished their first year at university where they lived in a house with six other students. All the other students were very health conscious and ate only organic food. Jan had listened to their point of view and now she also eats only organic food. Norah was happy to eat organic food while in the house, but when she went home for the holidays she ate whatever her mother cooked. Both girls conformed, but for different reasons. Explain which type of conformity each girl was showing. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (11) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

83 12 Total for this question: 4 marks 9 Outline two explanations of why people obey. Explanation One... Explanation Two... (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 (12) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

84 13 Section C Individual Differences Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 10 Two different drug therapies were tested on a group of patients. All the patients suffered with the same anxiety disorder. Half the patients were given Therapy A and the other half were given Therapy B. Improvement was assessed on a scale from 0 25, where 0 = no improvement. The table below shows the improvement made between the start and the end of the treatment. Average and range of improvement scores Average Range Therapy A Therapy B Explain what these findings suggest about the different therapies? (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over (13) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

85 14 Total for this question: 6 marks 11 Diane is a 30-year-old business woman and if she does not get her own way she sometimes has a temper tantrum. Recently, she attended her grandmother s funeral and laughed during the prayers. When she talks to people she often stands very close to them, making them feel uncomfortable. 11 (a) Identify one definition of abnormality that could describe Diane s behaviour. Explain your choice. Definition... Explanation of your choice... (1 mark + 2 marks) 11 (b) Explain one limitation of this way of defining abnormal behaviour. (3 marks) 6 (14) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

86 15 Total for this question: 6 marks 12 There are various types of psychological therapy for treating abnormality. 12 (a) Outline what is involved in psychoanalysis. (3 marks) 12 (b) Outline what is involved in systematic de-sensitisation. (3 marks) 6 Turn over for the next question Turn over (15) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

87 16 13 Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. Total for this question: 8 marks (8 marks) Extra space... 8 Copyright 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. END OF QUESTIONS (16) G/T66813/Jun11/PSYA2

88 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination January 2012 Psychology (Specification A) Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Tuesday 17 January 2012 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm PSYA2 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 4 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 4, you will be assessed on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Question TOTAL Mark (Jan12psyA201) G/K /6/6/6 PSYA2

89 2 Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 Describe one research study that has investigated stress in the workplace. In your answer you should include details of what was done and what was found. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 (02) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

90 3 Total for this question: 4 marks 2 Lee and Denis were talking in the doctor s waiting room. Denis remarked that his new neighbours were very noisy and that whenever he drove into town it was getting increasingly difficult to find anywhere to park. Lee said that his wife had died recently and that he was just about to retire. Using examples from the conversation above, discuss the difference between life changes and daily hassles. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (03) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

91 4 Total for this question: 4 marks 3 Both life changes and daily hassles are often measured using questionnaires. Give two limitations of using questionnaires. Limitation One... Extra space... Limitation Two... Extra space... (2 marks + 2 marks) 4 (04) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

92 5 Total for this question: 12 marks 4 There are several methods used to manage the negative effects of stress. These methods can be biological or psychological. Discuss two or more methods of stress management. You may use this space to plan your answer Turn over (05) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

93 6 (12 marks) (06) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

94 7 Extra space Turn over for the next section Turn over (07) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

95 8 Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 6 marks 5 Josie, Hana and Caitlyn have just started new jobs and all three are keen to do well. Josie laughs a lot at the jokes her colleagues tell, even though she does not always find them very funny. Hana observes her colleagues closely and makes sure that she completes the work in the same way that they do, so that she does not make any mistakes. Caitlyn prefers to learn through trial and error. She believes that by trying and by making mistakes, she will really understand what she is doing. Which girl s behaviour is being influenced by normative social influence and which girl s behaviour is being influenced by informational social influence? Justify both choices. (6 marks) Extra space... 6 (08) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

96 9 Total for this question: 4 marks 6 Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why some people might resist pressures to conform. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (09) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

97 10 7 Explain one or more reasons why people obey authority. Total for this question: 6 marks (6 marks) Extra space... 6 (10) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

98 11 Total for this question: 4 marks 8 Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram s research into obedience to authority. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (11) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

99 12 Total for this question: 4 marks 9 How has social influence research helped our understanding of social change? (4 marks) Extra space... 4 (12) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

100 13 Section C Individual Differences Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 10 The following scattergram shows the relationship between the number of weeks of treatment with ECT and the score on the Self-Rating Depression Scale (on this scale, a high score indicates depression). 30 Relationship between weeks of treatment and scores on depression scale 25 Score on self-rating depression scale Weeks of treatment 5 Outline what the scattergram seems to show. (4 marks) 4 Turn over for the next question Turn over (13) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

101 14 11 Abnormality can be defined as the failure to function adequately. Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality. Total for this question: 6 marks (6 marks) Extra space... 6 (14) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

102 15 12 The following statements refer to different approaches to abnormality. Select three statements that describe the psychodynamic approach. Tick three es only. Total for this question: 3 marks A B Holding unrealistic and irrational beliefs about oneself and the world. Behaviour is caused mainly by the unconscious. C Behaviour is shaped by forces in the environment. D There is conflict between the id and the super-ego. E The human mind is an information processor. F Abnormality is caused by unresolved childhood problems. (3 marks) 3 Turn over for the next question Turn over (15) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

103 16 13 Outline the biological approach to abnormality. Total for this question: 4 marks (4 marks) Extra space... 4 (16) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

104 17 Total for this question: 7 marks 14 Hugh has a phobia of the dark. Because of this phobia, he has problems sleeping and has difficulty getting to and from work in the dark winter months. His doctor suggests a biological therapy might be the solution and prescribes a short course of drugs. 14 (a) What advice should the doctor give concerning the disadvantages of this type of drug therapy? (4 marks) Extra space... Question 14 continues on the next page Turn over (17) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

105 18 14 (b) Identify one psychological therapy that Hugh could consider and explain why it might help him. (3 marks) Extra space... 7 END OF QUESTIONS (18) G/K71735/Jan12/PSYA2

106 Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2012 Psychology (Specification A) PSYA2 Question Mark Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences 5 6 Tuesday 29 May pm to 3.00 pm 7 You will need no other materials. Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 6 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 6, you will be assessed on your ability to: use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JUn12psyA201) G/T /6/6/6/ PSYA2

107 2 Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Outline the pituitary-adrenal system. Total for this question: 6 marks (3 marks) Extra space... 1 (b) Outline the sympathomedullary pathway. (3 marks) Extra space... 6 (02) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2

108 3 2 Outline and evaluate research into life changes as sources of stress. Total for this question: 8 marks (8 marks) Turn over (03) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2

109 4 Extra space... 8 (04) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2

110 5 Total for this question: 6 marks 3 Brett and Sahil both work for the same company and have been talking about recent changes at work. Brett said that his pay is now dependent on other people s performance and that his department has introduced tighter deadlines and more rigid working hours. Since these changes were made, he has had more days off sick and is concerned that his health is beginning to suffer. There have been no changes in Sahil s department and he said that he hardly ever takes days off sick. Explain why Brett might have been affected by the changes in his department. Refer to psychological research into workplace stress in your answer. (6 marks) Extra space... 6 Turn over (05) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2

111 6 Total for this question: 4 marks 4 A researcher used a questionnaire and an in-depth interview to assess Georgia s personality. After completing the questionnaire Georgia was found to be Type A. However, after the in-depth interview she was found to be Type B. Explain why these methods might produce such different results. (4 marks) Extra space... 4 (06) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2

112 7 Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 5 The following results are percentages of participants who gave the maximum shock, in variations of Milgram s experiment into obedience to authority. Condition Experimenter and two obedient confederates are in the same room as the participant. % Participants obeying 92.5% Experimenter is in the same room as the participant. 65% Experimenter is in a different room from the participant. 20.5% Experimenter and two disobedient confederates are in the same room as the participant. 10% What do these results suggest about the power of the confederates in variations of Milgram s study? (4 marks) Extra space... 4 Turn over (07) G/T76566/Jun12/PSYA2