Research Approach & Design. Awatif Alam MBBS, Msc (Toronto),ABCM Professor Community Medicine Vice Provost Girls Section
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1 Research Approach & Design Awatif Alam MBBS, Msc (Toronto),ABCM Professor Community Medicine Vice Provost Girls Section
2 Content: Introduction Definition of research design Process of designing & conducting a research project Principles of effective research design Elements of research design Selection of research design Validity Factors affecting validity Types of research designs Conclusion
3 Introduction Research approach & design are two terms used interchangeably, however, research design is broader plan to conduct a study, & research approach is an important element of the research design, which governs it.
4 Definition of Research Design The master plan specifying the methods & procedures for collecting & analyzing the needed information in a research study. It is the researcher s overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
5 RESEARCH DESIGN refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of research--the blueprint that will guide the research process. Intriguing Observation, Intellectual Curiosity More Careful Studying of the Phenomenon Defining Research Problem & Objectives Refinement of theory (Inductive Reasoning) Testing Hypo.: Data Analysis & Interpretation THE PROCESS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Building the Theoretical Framework and the Research Model Developing Research Hypotheses Data Coding, And Editing Developing Operational Definitions for Research Variables Data Collection Sampling Design
6 Examples Open up a new area Provide a unifying framework Resolve a long-standing question Thoroughly explore an area Contradict existing knowledge Experimentally validate a theory Produce an ambitious system Provide empirical data Develop new methodology Develop a new tool Open up a new area Provide a unifying framework Resolve a long-standing question Thoroughly explore an area Contradict existing knowledge Experimentally validate a theory Produce an ambitious system Provide empirical data Develop new methodology Develop a new tool
7 Design research process knowledge flows + operation and goal knowledge process steps circumscription Awareness of problem Suggestion Development Evaluation Conclusion logical formalism abduction deduction [Takeda,1990]
8 PROCESS OF DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING A RESEARCH PROJECT: What--What was studied? What about--what aspects of the subject were studied? What for--what is/was the significance of the study? What did prior lit./research say? What was done--how was the study conducted? 1. Introduction, Research Problems/ Objectives, & Justification 2. Literature Review 3. Methodology (Research sample, data collection, measurement, data analysis) What was found? So what? What now? 4. Results & Discussion 5. Implications 6. Conclusions & Recommendations for future research
9 The designing decisions happen to be in respect of: What is the study about? Why is the study being made? Where will the study be carried out? What type of data is required? Where can the required data be found? What periods of time will the study include? What will be the sample design? What techniques of data collection will be used? How will the data be analyzed? What is the style of the prepared report?
10 Effective Research Design Effective research design is a function of? Adequate (full range of) variability in values of research variables, Precise and accurate measurement, Identifying and controlling the effects of confounding variables, and Appropriate subject selection
11 Effective Research Design Guiding principle for effective control of variances (and, thus, effective research design) is: The MAXMINCON Principle MAXimize Systematic Variance MINimize Error Variance CONtrol Variance of Nuisance/Extraneous/ Exogenous/Confounding variables
12 ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
13 Method of data analysis The approach Elements of Research Design Qualitative Quantitative Or both With/without a conceptual framework Population, Sample & Sampling technique Tools & Methods of data collection Time & place of data collection
14 The Approach Involves description of plan to investigate the phenomenon in a structured (quantitative),unstructured (qualitative) approach. The approach helps to decide about manipulation & control over variables. It also helps to identify the presence or absence of & comparison between groups.
15 Population Sample, & Sampling Technique: Research design provides the directions about population, sample& sampling technique. For example: in an ethnographic qualitative research design, a researcher gets the directive approach that the population will be a specific cultural group& the study will include a small sample selected through a nonprobability sampling technique.
16 The time, place and source of data collection Time (specifying days, months, & years of study), & Location (study setting). The sources of data are the other important constituents essential to ensure effective planning to conduct a research study.
17 Tools and Methods of Data Collection. This element of research design involves the description of different tools & methods of data collection, for example: questionnaires, Interview, Direct observation, Any other methods that suit the particular approach of the research as well as the nature of the phenomenon under investigation.
18 Methods of the Data Analysis Deciding type of data analysis technique helps the researcher to collect the relevant data, which later can be analyzed as per the research design plan. Without a formal plan of data analysis a researcher may collect irrelevant data, which can later become difficult to analyze.
19 SELECTION OF RESARCH DESIGN
20 ??? Selection Plans & the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection & analysis.
21 Factors affecting selection of research design: Nature of the research problem: Purpose of the study: Researcher s knowledge& experience: Researcher s interest & motivation: Subjects/ participants: Resources: Research ethics & principle: Time: Users of the study findings: Possible control on extraneous variables:
22 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH DESIGN
23 Two important criteria exist for evaluating the credibility &dependability of research results: Internal validity External validity
24 Internal Validity The extent to which it is possible to make an inference that the independent variable is truly influencing the dependent variable. Internal validity demands a tighter control over study to maximize the effectiveness of the results.
25 Threats to internal Validity History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Statistical regression Selection Experimental mortality Diffusion of treatments Events, other than the experimental treatments, influence results. During the study, psychological changes occur within subjects. Exposure to a pretest or intervening assessment influences performance on a posttest. Testing instruments or conditions are inconsistent, or pretest & posttest are not equivalent, creating an illusory change in performance. Scores of subjects that are very high or very low tend to regress towards the mean during retesting. Systematic differences exist in subject s characteristics between treatment groups. Subjects attrition may bias the results. Implementation of one condition influences subjects in another condition.
26 External Validity External validity asks the question of generalizability: To what populations, settings, treatment variables and measurement variables can this effect be generalized? The reality is that if a research program has poor external validity, the results will not be taken seriously, so any research design must justify sampling & selection.
27 Factors affecting external validity Hawthorne effect, Experimental effect, Reactive effect of pretest, Novelty effect, People, Place, Time.
28 Types Of Research Design Generally research designs are classified into two broad categories, & several subtypes: 1. Quantitative research design 2. Qualitative research design
29 Quantitative research design Broad Categories Types of research design Main Features I. Experimental 1.True experimental design Manipulation of independent variable, in presence of control group, randomization. 2.Quasi - experimental design Manipulation of independent variable, but in absence of control group or randomization. 3. Pre - experimental design Manipulation of independent variables, but limited control over extraneous variables, no randomization& control group. II. Non experimental research design 1. Descriptive design Accurate description of characteristics/without imposing any control. 1. Correlation 3. Developmental: - Cross-sectional - Longitudinal Cause & effect relationship /without control Examining the phenomenon in respect to time: - Cross sectional: at one point in time. - Longitudinal: at more than one point in time. 4. Epidemiological: - case- control - Cohort The investigation of the distribution & causes of disease in a population. 5. Survey research design Investigation in which self reported data are collected from sample with the purpose of describing population on some variables of interest.
30 Quantitative research design Broad Categories Types of research design Main Features III. Other additional research design 1. Methodological studies Research conducted to develop,test,& evaluate the instruments& method. 2. Meta- analysis Combining & integrating findings of multiple studies on particular topic. 3. Secondary data analysis Reanalyzing previous data to test new hypothesis. 4.Outcome research 5.Evaluation studies Evaluation of care practices& systems(eb). Involves judgment about success of program,( PPP). 6. Operational research The study of complex human organization& services to improve working efficiency of an organization.
31 Qualitative research design Types of research designs Phenomenological research Ethnographic research Grounded theory Case Studies Historical research Action research Main Features Examines human experiences through the provided descriptions by people involved. Involves information collected from certain cultural groups. Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant-observer. Research on a phenomenon by studying in depth a single case example. The case can be an individual person, an event, a group, or an institution. Systematic collection & objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events & anticipate future events. Seeking action to improve practices & study the effect of the undertaken action.
32 Guidelines for Evaluating Scientific Studies Questions to Ask: 1. Was the study large enough to pass statistical muster? 2. Was it designed well? 3. Did it last long enough? 4. Were there any other possible explanations for the conclusions of the study or reasons to doubt the findings? 5. Do the conclusions fit with other scientific evidence? If not, why? 6. Do you have the full picture? 7. Have the findings been checked by other experts? 8. What are the implications of the research? Any potential problems or applications?
33 Good research results require a careful design methodology and considerable evaluation efforts
34 The evaluation of the effects of administrative and teaching tasks on scientific output is mandatory to verify if current policies for stimulating research production are effective.
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