HIST 110 HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS. Week 1 & 2 October 2, Animals and Humans. Human Dynamism & Invasiveness

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1 HIST 110 HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS Week 1 & 2 October 2, 2015 Animals and Humans Human Dynamism & Invasiveness WHAT IS IN THIS WORKBOOK Animals and Humans mammals, marsupials, monkeys and apes Differences between animals and humans erect posture bi-pedalism frontal eyes brain capacity thumbs, hands The tool-making capacity of humans Jane Goodall's research with chimpanzees The problem-solving capacity of humans endless human development capacity to develop technologies for everything Human dynamism and invasiveness Dynamism continuous human progress animals as genetically programmed species humans' endless capacity for adaptability Invasiveness an ability to cut across all ecological niches the human invasion Animals and Humans We are animals, and yet, we are not A thought exercise: for instance, consider mammals; what are some examples of mammals? 1

2 what is specific to them? they give live birth they suckle their babies some babies are born smaller or larger for instance, marsupials give birth at an early stage and the baby keeps developing in its mother's pouch who are the most advanced group of mammals? definitely, humans what next? chimpanzees and gorillas in other words, apes (= tailless monkeys) what next? maybe baboons (which are monkeys -- i.e. with tails) how are apes different from monkeys? apes are tailless monkeys how can we explain the loss of the tail? what is the use of the tail? it is for climbing and holding on the loss of the tail means that they started to spend more time on the ground they climbed down from trees to the ground they started to have an earth-borne kind of existence consider the immense animal world and gradual evolution from marsupials to mammals two species of higher mammals monkeys and apes hominids humans differences between animals and humans what are some major characteristics differentiating humans from other animals, even from apes? (1) erect posture; standing up straight apes are not actually four-legged but how do they stand up? knees do not flatten out they cannot walk for very long in a straight-up position but humans became totally erect 2

3 (2) bi-pedalism walking on just two feet (the release of the arms and hands for other things) (3) frontal eyes compare our eyes with those of other animals where are our eyes located? eyes in the front vs. eyes in sides what is the difference in terms of the physics of vision? wide vision stereoscopic vision depth and length of perception (4) brain capacity the relative size of the human brain is very large (5) hands how are our hands different from chimpanzees? compare our thumb with their fifth finger they have five fingers but they do not have a thumb the joint of the thumb is different it has moved apart from others it has become apposite we can write we can make and use tools our hands are much more flexible considering all these five characteristics it is only humans who have them all some animals have some of those characteristics yet, none of them have all of them what are the benefits of erect posture and bi-pedalism? we can stand up higher in other words, we can see from a higher point compared with four-legged animals it releases our hands so, we can carry things we can use our hands for other functions we are not dependent on them for walking actually, a lot of human culture is generated through our hands we have all sorts of sayings for that 3

4 what happens when all these characteristics come together? consider certain creatures on the way to becoming human when all these happened these characteristics started to interact with each other for instance, our hands can make many things tool-making capacity what about animals? can they make tools? Jane Goodall's research on chimpanzees 35 years ago, she started living in the African rain-forest with chimpanzees she realized that they too have a capacity to use tools for certain needs for instance, she observed that they use sticks or branches to fish into termite nests now, it is certain that apes have a capacity to use tools what is it that they cannot do? speech? they communicate, but there is no articulate speech no storage of culture through speech progress? can they keep advancing? can they develop a more complicated/complex tool? can they convey information from generation to generation? problem-solving capacity what humans developed in time : the ability to make a tool for virtually everything? problem-solving capacity for instance, animal herds in the distance humans cannot get close to them we develop the means to hunt them from a distance for instance, we are out in the open (hot, cold, rain) we need shelter we make huts for instance, we are migrating from one place to another we come to a river and it blocks our way we build flotation devices we use logs, animal skins we make tools for staying on the surface of the water for instance, we want to fly 4

5 yet, we can't because our chest muscles are not suited for it but humans are capable of coming up with other solutions such as balloons or eventually planes endless human development life put certain problems in front of us and we develop the tools and technologies to overcome them humans have been doing this for tens of thousands of years we have a capacity to observe a problem to think about it and to come up with a solution for it in short, given time, humans are capable of developing the appropriate technology for all the problems they come across human dynamism and invasiveness each generation of humans have higher and higher qualities we keep developing and improving from simple to complex forms of knowledge, livelihood, existence our abilities are going up continuously we learn more, better, quicker, more efficiently how about animals? consider a spider's net how do they learn to do it? do they learn it from their parents? do they go to a school for that? no! they are genetically programmed for doing it in other words, they are born with that knowledge in them no one needs to teach them anything about their future life all they need is in their genes that's why they are genetically programmed we humans, on the other hand -- we learn many things on the way to growing up from speech to simple tasks this can seem as a weakness though it gives clues about our talents for an endless learning capacity 5

6 we, as humans, can deal successfully with novelty whereas animals need consistent patterns to stick to therefore, we invent new things for new problems while animals can only repeat therefore, humans have the largest capacity for adapting to novel circumstances this adaptation skill is one huge difference between animals and humans this not only qualitative development over time but also movement across space a capacity to invade all environments, ecological niches, habitats in the animal world some animals can exist only in one kind of habitat some higher animals can adapt to a few ecological niches but no animal is as flexible as humans as a result, humans are the most invasive species of all, they can cut across and invade all other environments and habitats in time, they (we) have learned to survive in deserts or on very high mountains or even the Arctic circle we have been gradually invading and settling in all corners of the Earth so that human life on earth can also be seen as a process of the human invasion thus, the 20th century has witnessed races to be the first to reach the South Pole or the North Pole Roald Amundsen, Robert Peary races to be the first to be to climb to the top of Mount Everest Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing races to descend to the depths of the oceans Beebe s bathysphere; the bathyscaphe (Trieste) and finally the race for the moon Soviet cosmonauts, American astronauts and a still ongoing race to explore outer space 6

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