Lesson 1 Understanding Science

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1 Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Content Vocabulary 6 Lesson Outline 7 Content Practice A 9 Content Practice B 10 School to Home 11 Key Concept Builders 12 Enrichment 16 Challenge 17 Scientific Explanations 5

2 Content Vocabulary LESSON 1 Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. You must include the terms below in your answers. biology critical thinking ethics hypothesis inference observation prediction scientific law scientific theory technology 1. What are three examples of technology? 2. What is observation? Why is it important to scientists? 3. What role does critical thinking play in evaluating scientific evidence? 4. How is a scientific law different from a scientific theory? 5. How do you make an inference? 6. Contrast a hypothesis and a prediction. 7. Why are ethics particularly important in specific types of scientific investigation? 8. Define biology. Name two other branches of science. 6 Scientific Explanations

3 Lesson Outline LESSON 1 A. What is science? 1. The investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results from those investigations is called. 2. Scientists observe the natural world and form about what they see. 3. Scientists use reliable skills and in problem solving. B. Branches of Science 1. Life science, or, is the study of all living things. 2. science is the study of Earth, including its landforms, rocks, soil, and forces that shape Earth s surface. 3. Physical science is the study of and physics; physical scientists study the interactions of matter and. C. Scientific Inquiry 1. As scientists study the world, they ask questions about what they observe. 2. Scientists practice inquiry a process that uses a variety of skills and tools to answer questions. 3. A scientist usually begins a scientific investigation by making a(n), which involves gathering information. 4. A(n) is a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience. 5. After making observations and inferences, scientists sometimes form a(n) that can be tested by scientific investigation. 6. When a scientist forms a hypothesis, he or she usually makes a(n) a(n), or a statement about what will happen next in of events. 7. Testing a(n) often means testing predictions; if the prediction is confirmed, it the hypothesis, and if the prediction is not confirmed, the hypothesis might need revision. Scientific Explanations 7

4 Lesson Outline continued 8. Three ways to organize are to create graphs, classify information, and make models and. 9. Scientists must decide whether or not the they have collected support their hypothesis. 10. Scientists might make more inferences when drawing. 11. Communicating is important because scientists use new information in their. D. Results of Scientific Inquiry 1. Outcomes of scientific inquiry may include technology, new, and possible explanations for phenomena. 2. The practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use, is called. E. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws 1. An explanation of observations or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations is called a(n). 2. A(n) describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true. 3. It is important to be, or to question information, about scientific issues presented in the media. 4. Comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it is called. 5. Science cannot answer questions about opinions, values, beliefs, or. 6. Scientists follow safety when they conduct. 7. It is important to follow when you work with living things or do research with people. 8 Scientific Explanations

5 Content Practice A LESSON 1 Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word bank. hypothesis inference observation prediction scientific law scientific theory technology Across 4. describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true 5. the practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use 6. using one or more senses to gather information and notice what occurs 7. a possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by scientific investigations 7 6 Down 1. a statement about what will happen next in a sequence of events 2. a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience 3. an explanation of observations or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations Scientific Explanations 9

6 Content Practice B LESSON 1 Directions: On the line before each question, write L if the question might be asked by a life scientist, E if the question might be asked by an Earth scientist, or P if the question might be asked by a physical scientist. 1. How do rocks form? 2. How does an object s motion change? 3. What substances are in soil? 4. Why does a liquid change to a solid? 5. How do plants produce their own food? 6. Why do some animals give birth to live young and others lay eggs? 7. How are force and motion related? 8. How are reptiles and birds related? 9. What causes earthquakes? Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 10. What is science? 11. Give an example of how you can use scientific inquiry to solve a real-life problem. 10 Scientific Explanations

7 School to Home LESSON 1 Directions: Use your textbook to complete the activity. Fill in the table about the branches of science. In the second column, write a description of each branch of science in your own words. Then, read in your textbook the examples of questions asked by scientists in each branch of science. In the third column, write three additional questions that might be asked by scientists in each field. Branch of Science Description Questions a. Life science b. c. Earth science Physical science a. b. c. a. b. c. Scientific Explanations 11

8 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept What is scientific inquiry? Directions: Answer each question in the space provided. Question Answer 1. What steps might a scientist take when he or she asks questions? 2. What steps might a scientist take when he or she tests a hypothesis? 3. What different things might a scientist do when he or she analyzes results? 4. Inferring and reasoning fall under which step of scientific inquiry? 5. What conditions might cause a scientist to modify or revise a hypothesis? 6. What are some ways that a scientist can communicate results? 12 Scientific Explanations

9 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept What is scientific inquiry? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is used only once. analyze communicate conclusion hypothesis observation prediction science scientific inquiry scientific investigations (1.) is the investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results from those investigations. Scientists use a set of skills called (2.) to find answers to their questions. (3.) is a scientific skill that involves using your senses to gather information and take note of what occurs. After making an observation, a scientist might form a(n) (4.), which is a possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by (5.). When a scientist forms a hypothesis, he or she usually makes a(n) (6.), or a statement about what will happen next in a sequence of events. After a hypothesis is tested, a scientist must (7.) results. A scientist might then draw a(n) (8.) results. Scientists write articles or speak at conferences to (9.) their results to other scientists and to the public. Directions: Answer the question on the lines provided. based on the 10. What does a scientist do if a hypothesis is supported? What does he or she do if a hypothesis is not supported? the Scientific Explanations 13

10 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept What are the results of scientific investigations? Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct information in the space provided. Results of Scientific Investigations Directions: On the line before each description, write ST if the description represents a scientific theory or SL if the description represents a scientific law. 1. observation of similar events that have been observed repeatedly 2. attempts to explain why something happens 3. is based on repeated observations and scientific investigations 4. states that something will happen 14 Scientific Explanations

11 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How can a scientist prevent bias in a scientific investigation? Directions: Answer each question in the space provided. Question Answer 1. What is bias? 2. What are some sources of bias? 3. What is a blind study? 4. How can a blind study help reduce bias? 5. What is sampling? 6. What can be done to reduce bias in sampling? 7. What is repetition? 8. How can repetition help reduce bias? Scientific Explanations 15

12 Enrichment LESSON 1 Science and Pseudoscience Pseudoscience is a method, belief, or practice that might appear to be scientific but does not follow appropriate scientific protocol. Its most important flaw is the lack of controlled, thoughtful, peer-reviewed experiments that are the foundation of the natural sciences. Legitimate Science v. Junk Science Legitimate science has its weaknesses and bumps in the road. Many experiments are done incorrectly or interpreted wrongly. Occasionally, a scientist is so enthusiastic about his or her results that the studies are made public before they can be reviewed. But genuine science has a backup plan repetition and peer review. Genuine science has the support and critical review of the science community at large, and this makes problems generally self-correcting. Junk science, on the other hand, is seldom peer reviewed. It nearly always has an element of politics or sales marketing behind it. For example, a certain claim was recently circulated around the Internet that the oil companies were suppressing the discovery of water as a fuel. This is junk. On the Internet, don t believe claims that someone lost 9 kg per week due to one fantastic discovery. It s junk, and it is pseudoscience. Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement. Here are some ways to tell the difference between real science and pseudoscience. 1. Science attempts to achieve a better understanding of the natural world. Pseudoscience is more often driven by political or commercial goals. 2. Science expands knowledge through disciplined investigation. Pseudoscience attempts to justify an existing belief. 3. Science meets contradictions of established theory with further experimentation. Pseudoscience ignores or suppresses contradictions. 4. Science constantly tests its own principles and alters theories in the search for truth. Pseudoscience cannot be falsified or verified and, therefore, can t be tested or disproved. If you recognize pseudoscience, you might be able to avoid it. But those who have less ability for critical thinking or who don t have the tools or information are more likely to become targets for health or commercial scams. Stay informed. Look for the real thing. Science Here are the facts. What conclusions can we draw from them? Pseudoscience Here is the conclusion. What facts can we find to support it? 1. Compare How does the graphic clearly illustrate the difference between science and pseudoscience? 2. Point out What are two subject areas in which pseudoscience is likely to be found? What might it look or sound like when it is encountered? 16 Scientific Explanations

13 Challenge LESSON 1 What questions can be tested scientifically? Some of the best, well-formed questions cannot be answered because they cannot be tested. Recall that a hypothesis is an explanatory statement about an observation that can be tested. How could you form a testable hypothesis based on the question, Are freckles more attractive than dimples? It is difficult to objectively quantify attractiveness. Furthermore, not all hypotheses can be investigated in a controlled experiment. Some questions, especially those dealing with people and behavior, must be investigated in another way. Data have to be obtained in some way that can be quantified or objectively measured. Use Scientific Methods Consider this statement: Roses are more beautiful than daisies because they have fewer petals. Is this statement a well-stated hypothesis that can be tested scientifically? If it is, explain how. If it is not, explain why not. 1. Revise the statement above so you can state a testable hypothesis regarding roses and daisies. Be narrow and specific when you restate the hypothesis. Do not include extraneous variables. 2. Design a scientific investigation to test your revised hypothesis. 3. Describe in detail how you will collect your data and how you will organize and analyze your data. 4. Explain how you will communicate your results. 5. With approval and permission, perform your investigation. 6. Use the flowchart below to help you design your investigation. Form hypothesis. Perform investigation. Analyze results. Reject or revise your hypothesis. Communicate results. Scientific Explanations 17

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