Clarified the need for control, placebo, and experimental groups in an experiment and the meaning of differences between these groups

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Allan Barrett
5 years ago
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1 List of Main Revisions in Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction 5e In addition to the text revision for clarity throughout and reference updating, the following list describes the main revisions for 5e chapter by chapter. Chapter 1 Revised the discussion of the Kitty Genovese story to make it clear that the ensuing bystander research by Darley and Latané was based on the New York Times erroneous version of the story with 38 witnesses, which was the only one available at that time Added a discussion of the regression toward the mean phenomenon and its applicability to our everyday lives and made regression toward the mean a glossary term Added a discussion of spurious correlations and their relationship to the third-variable problem to further clarify the fact that correlation does not equal causation and made spurious correlation a glossary term Added a discussion of medical researcher Joseph Goldberger s search for the cause of pellagra as a real-world example of the importance of identifying spurious correlations, understanding the third-variable problem, and the need for experimental research to find cause-effect relationships Supplemented the discussion of placebo effects with some recent findings, including the finding that the effectiveness of painkillers over placebos in clinical trials has shrunk to only 9% in 2013, but only in the U.S. which is likely due to the direct- to-consumer drug advertising that is only legal in this country and New Zealand Clarified the need for control, placebo, and experimental groups in an experiment and the meaning of differences between these groups Expanded discussion of statistical significance to include both a recent landmark study failing to replicate over 60% of 100 findings from top social and cognitive psychology journals and recent arguments that the statistical acceptance level of.05 may be too lenient Added another example and a cartoon to help students to understand the relationship between the percentage of scores within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution Replaced drawing of the long tail right-skewed distribution with the actual figure from The Long Tail Chapter 2 Made neuroscience a glossary term

2 Revised the discussion of the numerical relationship between glial cells and neurons based upon recent research showing that these two types of cells are equally numerous and that it is not the case that glial cells outnumber neurons 10 or 100 to 1 but rather that the ratio is more like 1 to 1 Revised the discussion of Phineas Gage to stress his probable recovery indicated by recent research and added a photo of the post-accident Gage that is congruent with such a recovery Replaced the drawing of a 3-D reconstruction of Phineas Gage s skull with photos of the two actual 3-D reconstructions Deleted photo and text discussion of the contemporary brain-injury case of Eduardo Leite Added a cartoon to aid students in understanding the different types of specialty-processing functions of the two hemispheres Added a recently proposed fourth answer to the question of why we sleep involving increased production and maintenance of myelin and also some supporting research findings for the proposed answers to this question Added photos of Schachter and Singer so that photos of all six major emotional theorists are now included Chapter 3 Replaced artist s drawing of Roger Shepard s Turning the Tables illusion with the original drawing from Mind Sights Shortened the discussion of Stevens s power law by deleting the discussion about its possible adaptive significance, and given this revision, Concept Check 1, Question 4 was changed because it was concerned with the deleted material Added a new cartoon on ESP in order to emphasize the point that not one single reproducible finding exists for paranormal phenomena Expanded discussion of blind spots in human vision and included a web link that allows students to experience how the brain fills in these spots during the perceptual process Added a discussion of color blindness focusing on the most prevalent type red-green color blindness Made cochlea a glossary term Added both an illustration of and discussion of Adelson s checker shadow illusion to show that brightness perception is impacted by context; also added a modified version of the illusion to demonstrate that the two checker squares are the same brightness

3 Added an illustration and discussion of The Dress illusion that went viral in February 2015 on the Internet and a proposed explanation of it in terms of subjective individual differences in achieving color constancy Expanded the discussion of top-down versus bottom-up processing to include the ratio of neural connections for the two types of perceptual processing Replaced the drawing and text discussion of the Corridor Illusion with the original drawing of Roger Shepard s Terra Subterra illusion from Mind Sights and a text discussion of it Chapter 4 Substantially revised the discussion of the Little Albert fear-conditioning study, especially the generalization results, to more accurately describe the study and its findings Added a discussion of the recent discovery of the identity of Little Albert in Watson and Rayner s study so that the question Whatever happened to Little Albert? is now answered Added the only published photo of Little Albert (Albert Barger) as an adult Replaced the drawing of one of Thorndike s puzzle boxes with a historical photo of an actual box that Thorndike used Added a photo of John Garcia near the discussion of his landmark taste aversion research Added a discussion of the Nobel Prize winning research on the inner GPS in rats, humans, and other mammals to conclude the discussion of Tolman s research on cognitive maps Added a brief discussion of research following Bandura s Bobo doll studies that showed that Bandura s findings generalized to non-laboratory settings and lengthier delays between children observing aggression and acting aggressively Revised the discussion of mirror neurons and their possible functions to make the controversial nature of the existence and functions of mirror neuron systems in humans clear Chapter 5 Expanded the discussion of iconic memory by adding some developmental results concerning its capacity and duration for infants and older adults Added a discussion of working memory using Baddeley s model of working memory and made working memory a glossary term Added a brief discussion of memory deficit differences in people with left-hippocampal damage versus those with right-hippocampal damage

4 Added a brief discussion of the role of neurogenesis in infantile amnesia via the degrading of hippocampus-dependent explicit memories Added a photo of H.M. to humanize the sad story of his life and memory deficits Added an explanatory figure caption to Figure 5.5, Types of Long-Term Memory Related the automatic vs. effortful processing distinction to the discussions of the three-stage memory model and the explicit vs. implicit long-term memory distinction Added a photo of memory research pioneer, Hermann Ebbinghaus, in place of the artist s drawing that was used in 4e Added a demo and discussion of Blake et al. s recent Apple logo memory study and its findings to further illustrate forgetting via encoding failure Added a brief discussion of déjà vu as possibly caused by source misattribution Added a cartoon about the creation of false memories Chapter 6 Revised the description of using means-end analysis to solve the Tower of Hanoi in order to explain its recursive nature and to add a brief discussion of anterograde amnesics failure to show a practice effect on this problem because this recursive strategy requires both implicit and explicit memory Revised the introduction to the Thinking under Uncertainly section to include a brief discussion of the illusion of certainty and statistical innumeracy; also included the illusion of certainty in the later discussion of interpreting the results of medical screening tests Shortened the lengthy caption to the photos of Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman by deleting the discussion of the types of degrees earned by Nobel Prize winners discussed previously in the text Added latest recommendation from The American Cancer Society for women of average risk of breast cancer to not start mammogram screening until the age of 45 and the recommendation of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force not until the age of 50 Added a cartoon relevant to the question of bias in intelligence testing Replaced the sample nonverbal performance subtest item in Figure 6.3(b) with a new sample subtest item from the WAIS Cancellation subtest in the new fifth edition of the WAIS because the subtest in 4e is no longer part of the WAIS

5 Expanded the discussion of the Flynn effect to include the main findings of three recent metaanalyses of intelligence test scores in both developed and developing countries Chapter 7 Added a discussion of the use of the visual cliff to study depth perception in infants and the basic findings using this apparatus along with a photo of the visual cliff apparatus Added a cartoon on the development of language Revised discussion of effects of day care to include the positive impact of high quality day care versus low quality day care and the characteristics of high quality day care Expanded discussion of the relationship between parenting styles with social and academic competence and also pointed out that this relationship it is based on correlational evidence because experimental evidence would be ethically impossible to collect Chapter 8 Supplemented the discussion of the negative attributional style/helplessness theory of depression with a brief discussion of some supporting research findings Supplemented the discussion of the biological mechanisms underlying Eysenck s PEN trait theory Added a new subsection that discusses the person-situation controversy surrounding trait theories of personality and also the stability of traits across the lifespan Added a discussion of the new scoring assessment system for the Rorschach inkblot test and the recent validity meta-analysis for the test that led to critics moratorium on the use of its cognitive variables being lifted Added a photo of an actual inkblot from the Rorschach Inkblot test and an actual picture card from the TAT Chapter 9 Revised chapter opening description of the Kitty Genovese murder to reflect the latest research that disputes all of the key features of the 1964 New York Times report of her murder Revised discussion of Asch s group pressure experiments to reflect more accurately his findings of both conformity and independence because the majority of critical responses were independent responses and not conformity responses

6 Added a discussion of a parallel between Asch s participants who made independent responses and the recent color debate about The Dress (now discussed in Chapter 3) in terms of violations of a shared perception of reality Substantially revised and lengthened the discussion of Milgram s obedience experiments so that it is now presented as a contentious classic by adding a discussion of the recent criticisms based on analyses of the materials from the experiments that are available in the Yale University Milgram archives Added a substantial discussion of Haslam and Reicher s engaged followership explanation of Milgram s obedience findings in which they argue that his obedience experiments do not really demonstrate obedience to authority and why this explanation is superior to Milgram s explanation of participants following the orders of an authority Added a discussion of the recent finding based on the analyses of the Milgram archives that what Milgram reported in his publications on the experiments does not agree with what is revealed in the archival audio tapes of the experiments and other available experimental materials Using the off-script prodding of the experimenter in Milgram s study as an example, added a discussion of experimenter bias influencing the participants behavior in an experiment and made experimenter bias a glossary term Deleted paragraph about reprising Milgram s experimental setting by placing participants in an immersive virtual environment Added a cartoon on Milgram s obedience experiments that is concerned with the ethics of this research Added a discussion of the Rank and Jacobson nurse study that failed to replicate the findings of the Astroten nurse study and of the Krackow and Blass survey study of nurses that indicated nearly half of the nurses had actually carried out orders that could have harmful consequences for the patient Added more recent criticisms of Zimbardo s Stanford prison experiment (SPE) to the existing critique of this study so that it, like the Milgram study, is now presented as a contentious classic Using Zimbardo s SPE as an example, added a discussion of demand characteristics in an experiment and made demand characteristics a glossary term Deleted the photos from the SPE and Abu Ghraib prison showing prisoner abuse Added a cartoon about Zimbardo s SPE to emphasize some its shortcomings Chapter 10

7 Added a photo of the cover of the new edition of the DSM, DSM-5, similar to those photos that were used in the first three editions of the text Added a brief discussion of the terms sane and insane about how they are legal terms and not terms used by psychologists in defining normal and abnormal behavior and thinking; included a discussion of the not guilty by reason of insanity defense and that, counter to public misperception, this defense is rarely used and even more rarely successful Revised discussion of the DSM-5 to include criticisms about its possible lack of validity Added a discussion of the many criticisms of Rosenhan s On Being Sane in Insane Places to insure that its status as a contentious classic is clear Revised the second Concept Check 1 question to cover only the necessity of psychiatric labels because of the text revision explaining that the claim that psychiatric labels stigmatize people is a myth Added a brief discussion of the recent largest-ever genetic study of mental illness that identified the gene variants associated with schizophrenia and their locations in the human genome Added a brief discussion of the recent finding that one of the genes associated with schizophrenia, C4, leads to excessive pruning of synapses in adolescence and early adulthood that may result in faulty cognitive functioning as seen in schizophrenia Added a brief discussion of the recent findings that talk therapy alone and talk therapy combined with drug therapy have been very successful in the treatment of schizophrenia Added discussions of the recently proposed brain circuit theory for depression and another recently proposed theory of a bi-directional feedback loop between the brain and the facial expression muscles that led to research on Botox treatment effects on depression

Psychology (Master) Content Skills Learning Targets Assessment Resources & Technology CEQ: 1. I can understand the 4 Big Ideas of Psychology.

Psychology (Master) Content Skills Learning Targets Assessment Resources & Technology CEQ: 1. I can understand the 4 Big Ideas of Psychology. St. Michael-Albertville High School Teacher: Jared Essler Psychology (Master) December 2014 CEQ: 1. I can understand the 4 Big Ideas of Psychology. How can the study of psychology increase our understanding