Experimental Validity
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1 Experimental Validity 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 1 What We Will Cover in This Section Overview Internal Validity. External Validity. Key Learning Points. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 2 Validity Revisited In the context of measuring variables, validity implies that you are measuring what you say you are measuring. In the context of research methods, validity focuses on the extent that you can make appropriate inferences based on the research design and implementation. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 3 1
2 Traditional Experimental Design Independent Variable Group A Group B Dependent Variable Common outcome measure. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 4 Internal Validity 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 5 Internal Validity Refers to The accuracy of the research in determining the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Applies to experimental research. Can I unambiguously conclude that the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 6 2
3 Confounding Any variable other than the independent variable that could reasonably have caused changes in the dependent variable. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 7 Confounding Variable: Example Confounded by time of day. Independent Variable Given orange juice in the morning Given distilled water in the evening Dependent Variable Alertness two hours later. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 8 Natural Confounding The typical association of one variable with another. Race Gender Age Culture 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 9 3
4 Confounding The independent variable is associated with some other variable for ONE condition. Female experimenter in one condition and male in another. Cool Pepsi vs. warm Coke. Group A at 10:00, Group B at 12:00. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 10 Measurement Confounding The measure assesses more than one construct (construct validity). Depression is usually associated with anxiety, so any measures of depression will also assess anxiety. Leadership vs. assertiveness Verbal intelligence vs. Vocabulary 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 11 Design Confounding Typically caused by lack of an appropriate control group. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 12 4
5 Common Threats to Internal Validity 1. History. 2. Maturation. 3. Testing. 4. Instrument Decay. 5. Statistical Regression. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity History Any event that occurs between the first and second dependent measures that is not manipulated by the experimenter. Delay 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity Testing Participation in the pre-test may cause changes in the person. - Reactivity - Memory Delay 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 15 5
6 3. Maturation Changes in the individual over time that are not associated with the independent variable. Placebo Delay Delay 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity Instrument Decay Changes in the measuring instrument over time. Observer gets bored. Test becomes obsolete. Machine wears out. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity Statistical Regression Occurs when participants are placed into groups based on extreme scores. Extreme scores tend to move(regress) toward the mean. Delay 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 18 6
7 Confounding Based on Subject Selection 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 19 Target Population Random Sampling Sample Frame Sample Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Randomization 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 20 Key Assumption In experimental research there is RANDOM SELECTION from the population (sample frame) and RANDOM ASSIGNMENT to treatment conditions. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 21 7
8 Selection Bias 1. When participants are not randomly selected from the population, this limits generalizability (External Validity). 2. When participants in one condition differ in some way from those in another condition you have confounding (Internal Validity). - Non-random assignment - Pre-existing groups. - Differential mortality. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 22 Reactivity 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 23 Measurement Reactivity 1. Evaluation apprehension. - Avoid feedback. - Watch labeling. 2. Novelty effects. - Give participants time to adjust. 3. Response bias. - Social desirability. - Negative or positive response bias. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 24 8
9 Demand Characteristics Cues in the research setting that allow the participant to form their own opinions about the research hypothesis. The Good participant. The Negative participant. The Apathetic participant. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 25 Controlling for Demand Characteristics 1. Cue reduction. 2. Motivation. Reduce evaluation apprehension. 3. Separate the dependent variable from the study (unobtrusive). 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 26 Experimenter Reactivity 1. Biased observation. 2. Influencing participants responses. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 27 9
10 Reducing Experimenter Effects 1. Rehearsal. 2. Monitoring. 3. Minimize experimenter influence. 4. Use double blind. 5. Minimize data snooping. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 28 External Validity 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 29 External Validity The extent to which research results can apply to a wide range of situations. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 30 10
11 Assessing External Validity This is judgmental based on an assessment of all of the factors. Are field and laboratory results similar. Are field conclusions similar to laboratory conclusions. Does a phenomenon exist in both the laboratory and the field. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 31 Key Learning Point Internal validity is a prerequisite for external validity. 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 32 2/16/2003 P365 Experimental Validity 33 11
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