resilience resilience resilience resilience resilience resilience R Advances in Psychological Science

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1 Advances in Psychological Science resilience R395 [1] resilience * KSCX zhangjx@psych.ac.cn 70 resilience [2] [3] [4] resilience resilience resilience 658

2 13 5 resilience [5] [6] resilience resilience resilience resilience [7] 30 [8] [9] [10] 2004 [11] [9] Werner [1] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

3 [17] Richardson [14]

4 13 5 resilience [18] Hunter 1999 [19] Hunter Luthar [20] Aroian 1997 [21] [22]

5 [23] [24] Wagnild Young [22] Block Kremen [25] Connor Davidson CD-RISC [26] Wagnild Young Block Kreman 14 Connor Davidson PTSD 5 [27] [28]

6 13 5 resilience [29] Sternberg 3R reasoning responsibility [30] [2] Henderson Milstein 1996 [31] APA Adversity Quotient AQ 4 [32] [33] [34] [35] Sternberg [36]

7 [11] [37] [38] [1] Werner E E. Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American, 1989, 260; 4, 106~111 [2] Grotberg E H. The international resilience project: findings from the research and the effectiveness of interventions. Paper presented at the 54th Annual Convention, International Council of Psychologists, Banff, Canada, July 24~28, 1996 [3],. resilience., 2002, 10(4): 314~318 [4].. [5] Harris W T, Sturges A F. Webster s New International Dictionary. Springfield, Mass, U.S.A.: G. & C. Merriam Company, [6],,.. :, [7]. :., ~26, [8] Luthar S S, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 2000, 71(3): 543~562 [9] Mastern A S. Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 2001, 56(3): 227~238 [10] American Psychology Association Help Center. The road to resilience: What is resilience? =6&ch=2, 2004 [11] Tugade M M, Fredrickson B L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 86(2): 320~333 [12] Bonanno G A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologists, 2004, 59(1): 20~28 [13] Sander L W. Awareness of inner experience: A systems perspective on self-regulatory process in early development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 1987, 11(3): 339~346 [14] Richardson G E. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002, 58(3): 307~321 [15] Benard B. Fostering resilience in Children [16] Seligman M, Csikszentimihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 2000, 55(1): 5~14 [17] Garmezy N, Masten A S, Tellegen A. The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 1984, 55: 97~11. [18],.., 2002, 8(3): 9~14 [19] Hunter A J, Chandler G E. Adolescent resilience. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 1999, 31(3): 243~247 [20] Luthar S S. Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 1991: 62, 600~616 [21] Aroian K J, Schappler Morris N, Neary S, Spitzer A, Tran T V. Psychometric evaluation of the Russian Language version of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1997, 5(2): 151~164 [22] Wagnild G M, Young H M. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1993, 1(2): 165~178 [23] [24],.., 2004, 27(3): [25] Block J, Kreman A M. IQ and Ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996, 70(2): 349~361 [26] Connor K M, Davidson J R T. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 2003, 18: 76~82 [27] Ollson C A, Bond L, Burns J M, Vella-Brodrick D A, Sawyer S M. Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 2003, 26: 1~11

8 13 5 resilience [28] Bernard B. Turning it around for all youth: from risk to resilience. Launceston, Tasmania; Resiliency Associates and Global Learning Communities, 1997 [29] Rak C F, Patterson L E. Promoting resilience in at-risk children. Journal of Counseling and Development, 1996, 74: 368~373. [30] Cogan J C. The other 3 R s: Reasoning, resilience, and responsibility [31] Bosworth K, Earthman E. From theory to practice: School leaders perspectives on resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002, 58(3): 299~306 [32],. D., 2005, 13(1): 72~77 [33] Beasley M, Thompson T, Davidson J. Resilience in response hardiness. Personality and Individual Difference, 2003, 34: 77~95 [34] Farber E W, Schwartz J A J, Schaper P E, Moonen D J, McDaniel J S. Resilience factors associated with adaptation to HIV disease. Psychosomatics, 2000, 41: 140~146 [35] Wagnild G. Resilience and successful aging: comparison among low and high income older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2003, 29(12): 42~49 [36] Sternberg R J. The other three Rs: part three, resilience [37] Brown B L. Career resilience. Columbus: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, (ED402474) [38] Jordan J V. Relational resilience. Work in Progress, No. 57. Wellesley, MA, Stone Center Working Paper Series, 1992 to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive Resilience: The Psychological Mechanism for Recovery and Growth during Stress Yu Xiaonan 1,2 Zhang Jianxin 1 ( 1. Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) ( 2. Graduate school of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract: Resilience refers to the effective coping and adaptation although faced with loss, hardship, or adversity. This biological imperative for self-protection will be exhibited when people are faced with stress, threats, or life changes. Coping resources or protective factors on personal, family, and social aspects interact with each other into a dynamic system in order to resist the effect of adversity. The process model argues that resilience refers to the higher homeostasis than original level, and it is different from recovery. The hierarchy of resilience demonstrates its adaptive nature on different developmental stages, and the meaning of resilience varies according to the specific situations. Although there is no consensus on the measurement of resilience, some scales have been employed widely for their convenience and efficiency. The aim of resilience research is to examine strength and promote adaptation of people, and resilience interventions conducted by schools, clinical institutions, communities, and enterprises have been proven good effects. Key words: resilience, adaptation, coping, protective factors, intervention.