The Baltic States and The EU Neighbourhood Policy

Transcription

1 The Baltic States and The EU Neighbourhood Policy Riga, November 22-24, 2007

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents Introductory words of the Presidium of the Baltic Assembly Conference on the Baltic States and the EU Neighbourhood Policy Plenary Session: European Neighbourhood Policy - towards a Europe of Common Values: H.E. Mr. Gundars Daudze, Speaker of the Saeima, Parliament of Latvia H.E. Ms. Ene Ergma, President of the Riigikogu, Parliament of Estonia H.E. Mr. Viktoras Muntianas, Speaker of the Seimas, Parliament of Lithuania Excerpts from speeches at the Plenary Session Panel discussions: Panel I: Balance between the Eastern and Southern Directions of the ENP Panel II: Political Dialogue at the Parliamentary Level - an Instrument in the ENP Panel III: The Baltic States and the ENP Eastern Dimension Panel IV: A Common Approach of the Baltic States and the Nordic Countries to the Implementation of the ENP Concluding remarks

3 The Baltic States Leaders in the EU Neighbourhood Policy? In todays Europe we cannot continuously think only about our own national interests. We need to have a sense of responsibility toward our neighbours. The European Union is interested in the stability of its new neighbours; thus, in various formats and various institutions attention is increasingly directed toward the EU Neighbourhood Policy. Actually, the EU Neighbourhood Policy has become one of the EU s trademarks, and its successful implementation will be an indicator of a successful EU foreign policy. As full fledged members of the EU, the Baltic States must share responsibility for the successes and failures of this policy. The Baltic States are regarded as potential flagmen of this Neighbourhood Policy. In recent years, they could boast of rapid economic growth and the strengthening of their international position. Nevertheless, in order for this balanced and sustainable development to continue, it is essential to make strategic decisions. One of the thrusts of the Baltic Assembly the interparliamentary cooperation organization of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is sharing our experience with the new EU neighbouring states. The Baltic Assembly emphasizes the importance of sharing with these states the experience of EU member states regarding reform and integration processes so that they can successfully develop their own reform programmes. Because the Baltic States mark the eastern boundary of the EU, they are responsible for ensuring peace, stability, and sustainable development in the neighbouring states not just for the sake of external security but also because it is their responsibility to help propagate common EU values. The Baltic States themselves have become EU member states relatively recently, and, in comparison with older member states, can be considered new democracies. Nevertheless, our unique historical experience and relationships with our eastern neighbours, our particular geographical location, and our successful integration into the EU qualify us to assume a special ambassadors role in implementing the EU Neighbourhood Policy. Just as 20 years ago the Nordic countries, including the Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, assumed responsibility for the Baltic States by making substantial contributions in developing democracy, economy, education and science, foreign policy, and regional cooperation, so we must recognize our responsibility in passing on the experience we have acquired. We believe that this is the right time for us to assume the same kind of responsibility as did the Nordic countries, the Benelux countries and other international partners. And that responsibility must be carried out through the prism of national, regional, European, and global cooperation. 2

4 With regard to the EU Neighbourhood Policy, the Baltic States have taken several significant steps on both the national and regional level. Last year, within the framework of the Baltic Assembly, cooperation has commenced with several EU neighbouring states in sharing parliamentary experience. In the first half of this year, GUAM the parliamentary cooperation organization of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova requested the Baltic Assembly to establish deeper cooperation with it. Admittedly, that was an enormous challenge because it was the first time that we had to share our experience in the context of regional cooperation. Even if we ourselves have partly forgotten our successes during the EU integration process, the complexities in harmonizing our legislation and the process of establishing principles for administering a democratic state, for the new neighbouring countries the Baltic States are a real success story that they would like to emulate. Our chief task is to take advantage of their interest and to provide them with candid and objective advice regarding various spheres. The Neighbourhood Policy is a new component of EU foreign policy and foreign relations. There are still many unanswered questions, and sometimes harmonizing viewpoints among the Member States is a greater challenge than implementing the policy itself. That is why the Baltic States have recognized the need to discuss on the legislative, executive, and expert level important issues regarding the EU Neighbourhood Policy. On November 23, 2007, the Baltic Assembly, the Baltic Council of Ministers, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in cooperation with the Representation of the European Commission in Latvia, hosted a conference on The Baltic States and the EU Neighbourhood Policy. Representatives from the Baltic, Nordic, and Benelux countries, as well as representatives from the parliaments and governments of EU neighbouring states, together with researchers and members of NGOs, discussed new challenges of the EU Neighbourhood Policy and the role of the Baltic States in implementing this policy. What are the EU s strategic interests in the various regions? Are the new Member States influential players in implementing the EU Neighbourhood Policy? How can parliamentary cooperation with the new neighbours be promoted? These were just a few of the questions that the conference participants sought to answer. Although the unknown factors in the EU Neighbourhood Policy are more numerous than the known factors, one fact is clear the experience of the Baltic States regarding reforms and harmonizing legislation can become a cornerstone for reforms in the new EU neighbouring states. The time has come for us to find out if we can acknowledge our mistakes and failures, our achievements and success stories in order to become a model for others and to strengthen our civic self confidence. President of the Baltic Assembly Vice President of the Baltic Assembly Vice President of the Baltic Assembly îrika Zommere Republic of Latvia Trivimi Velliste Republic of Estonia Valerijus Simulik Republic of Lithuania 3

5 CONFERENCE The Baltic States and the EU Neighbourhood Policy On 23 November 2007, an international conference on The Baltic States and the EU Neighbourhood Policy organized by the Baltic Assembly and the Baltic Council of Ministers took place within the framework of the 13 th Baltic Council. The aim of this conference was to address and discuss the role and experience of the Baltic States in implementing the EU Neighbourhood Policy (hereinafter - the ENP) in Eastern Europe. At the same time, the conference focused on the experience and developments in the context of the ENP implementation in the Mediterranean region. During the panel discussions, new ideas on relations between European neighbouring countries and other countries, particularly the EU member states, were developed and considered by distinguished researchers and politicians from many countries. The conference brought together over 300 participants from parliaments and governments, as well as governmental and non-governmental institutions. Members of Baltic, Nordic, Benelux, EU and EU neighbouring countries national parliaments, Ministers for Foreign Affairs, policy makers, as well as representatives from the EU institutions, international organizations, think tanks and NGOs, participated in this significant event and shared their opinions on how to develop mutual dialogue and initiate new cooperation projects regarding the ENP. The work of the conference consisted of a plenary session, European Neighbourhood Policy - towards a Europe of Common Values, and four panel discussions moderated by two distinguished Latvian researchers: Ms. Îaneta Ozoli a, Chairperson of the Commission of Strategic Analysis under the auspices of the President of the Republic of Latvia, Professor at the University of Latvia, and Mr. Nils MuiÏnieks, Director of the Advanced Social and Political Research Institute of the University of Latvia. 4

6 PLENARY SESSION European Neighbourhood Policy towards a Europe of Common Values The security and stability of the European Union are closely tied to the security and stability of its neighbours. The ENP reflects the Union s vital interests, namely, to foster respect for democratic principles and human rights and to promote the transition towards a market economy in the neighbouring countries. Therefore, the ENP is a flexible and open policy which encourages the spread of common EU values beyond its borders. H.E. Mr. Valdis Zatlers President of the Republic of Latvia In his opening address to the participants of the conference the President emphasized the importance of the Baltic States experience and the knowledge of Baltic politicians regarding ENP issues. He stated: The Baltic States have freed themselves from communism and a planned economy and now have a democratic state system and a free-trade economy. We have successfully used external assistance to ensure stability and development in our countries. We are full-fledged members of the EU and NATO. Therefore, contributing towards the ENP is a natural and binding responsibility of the Baltic States. Inside and outside Europe there are countries which are on their way towards attaining values and achievements that we have already attained. Therefore, we can provide assistance to those countries by sharing our experience, which includes successes, as well as mistakes. 5

7 H.E. Mr. Gundars Daudze Speaker of the Saeima, Parliament of Latvia The ENP will continue to be one of the main priorities for cooperation among the Baltic States. It is an area which is equally important for all three Baltic States and one in which our countries can make a significant contribution in developing mutually beneficial neighbourly relations. It might seem that the ENP has been discussed sufficiently; however, since discussions about the guidelines for this policy started in 2003, the developments outside the borders of the European Union have strengthened our conviction about the usefulness of our efforts. Latvia has been among those countries which have actively supported inclusion of this issue on the agenda of various forums and meetings of heads of state, including the meetings of parliamentarians. Our joint efforts regarding the ENP have resulted in significant progress. Currently, it is important to ensure that various decisions with regard to funding mechanisms, visa-related issues, as well as commercial and economic advantages, are implemented in practice. Some of these issues can be resolved on the bureaucratic level, and the practical benefit would be invaluable for the inhabitants of many countries. This will also yield a political benefit a high assessment of our efforts. Latvia believes that in future discussions about implementing the ENP, it is necessary to more actively involve those countries to which this policy applies. Such discussions will help us to better understand which mechanisms of regional cooperation would be the most effective. In my opinion, one of the proposals that should be supported is the creation of a new parliamentary cooperation forum with Eastern European countries that are not members of the European Union. Strengthening the parliamentary dimension most directly corresponds to one of the basic tasks of the ENP, namely, to support the process of democratization. I am convinced that our neighbours would appreciate this proposal. 6

8 H.E. Ms. Ene Ergma President of the Riigikogu, Parliament of Estonia With the increase in the number of countries joining the family of nations where democracy and the rule of law prevail, as well as the increase in the number of states which are based on common values, our shared feeling of safety and security in Europe is also on the rise. We must observe the developments in our insecure world and in the biggest neighbouring country of our region. Freedom and democratic values are nowhere and never guaranteed a priori; stability does not exist on its own. Our target countries within the framework of the ENP are those where people have made an independent choice to build up democracy and the rule of law. Our support to them in the fields of common interest must be given without hesitation, and it should be clearly defined and constant. Therefore, in the framework of the ENP we should define development cooperation as a reciprocal process. This would reflect the principles which governed the assistance that the Nordic countries and numerous other EU countries extended to us in the past. The reason why the new EU neighbours have particular faith in us, the Baltic States, is that they see tangible results of our experience in breaking up a totalitarian society and becoming new members of the EU and NATO. That is why we must take advantage of our unique common historical experience; although this experience has been a heavy burden to our nations, today we can regard it as an opportunity. Target countries of the ENP must be the first to express their determination to stay on the road of reforms and never shrink from doing their homework. However, we should assure them that our road was just as bumpy and that no one was granted an indulgence. If politicians of a reform country do not make an effort and if their homework is sloppy, there will be no progress towards the EU and NATO. 7

9 H.E. Mr. Viktoras Muntianas Speaker of the Seimas, Parliament of Lithuania Since its launch in 2002, the ENP has proved its merits as a comprehensive framework for EU relations with the neighbouring countries to the east and south. The experience of recent years, however, clearly indicates that it is essential to fine-tune the EU policy to the specific needs and problems of both regions. With the appearance of the two Neighbourhood Policy dimensions, namely, the Southern and the Eastern, it became obvious that the development of the latter was lagging behind even though this has not been formally recognized yet. Because of cultural differences, different historical experiences, different rates in implementing democratic and market economy reforms, as well as different reasons for joining the EU, the ENP cannot be the same in the east and south. The distinction between European Neighbours and Neighbours of Europe is gradually being crystallized and eventually will be defined in the ENP. The ENP towards the Eastern European Neighbours should be firmly based on the concept of integration, focusing primarily on integration of the economic sector and internal market. Such integration would provide a sufficient framework for the European Union and its Eastern neighbours to develop mutual cooperation and to expand the area of stability across the eastern EU border. EU membership of these countries is not an issue, which the EU should seek to resolve immediately and at any cost. Rather, it is a long-term issue. The added value of the ENP is to offer the prospect of EU membership to some Eastern European countries, i.e. to proceed from cooperation to gradual integration. The matter of new contractual relations between the EU and neighbouring countries is not urgent and can be dealt with in the future, if these countries make a significant progress in political, economic and administrative reforms. 8

10 Excerpts from speeches at the Plenary Session Ms. Diana Wallis Vice Speaker of the European Parliament The ENP aims to ensure greater economic development, stability and better governance in the European Union and our neighbouring countries. At the moment, there are twelve bilateral action plans, in addition to a number of regional projects. The ENP is extremely diverse because the Europe itself is diverse. Therefore, European Union s unity in the future will depend on the shared European values. The key value is peace in its most basic sense, and, unfortunately, the ENP has not achieved positive results in dealing with perennial conflicts in some parts of Europe. The cardinal value of the European Union, respect for international law, is important in the global context, particularly when it involves cooperation with neighbours on issues such as stability of energy supply and climate change. The greatest achievement of the EU has been its economic prosperity generated by means of the internal market and free trade; it would be beneficial to extend these principles to the EU neighbours. Moreover, it is important to respect a general commitment to human rights, equality and freedom of speech; those rights are being constantly stressed in the European Parliament. It is incumbent upon all countries do their utmost to develop relations with their neighbours, especially to have person-to-person contacts. H.E. Mr. Elmar Mammadyarov Minister for Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Three years have passed since the ENP was launched; during this time, a number of fundamental issues have been placed on the European agenda. Political analysts say that the final version of the ENP is different from the original, and Azerbaijan has been following with great interest the heated debates in the Union regarding the ENP. From the analysts point of view, the ENP is not a system and a framework for shaping relations with the EU, and they basically question its relevance and effectiveness. During the 1990s, the EU negotiated and concluded partnership and cooperation agreements with a large number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Signing agreements was important, and it sent a positive signal because agreements granted partner status. Since then, many signatories of partnership and cooperation agreements 9

11 have successfully passed through the accession process and joined the EU as full members, while others have been included in the ENP. It is important for the ENP to create a common space for all European countries. H.E. Mr. Måris Riekstiñß Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia The goal of the ENP is to bring closer to reality the vision of a stable and prosperous Europe buttressed by broad and enhanced cooperation between the EU and its neighbouring countries. The Baltic States are active supporters of this policy. The ENP was one of the priorities of the Latvian Presidency of the Baltic Council of Ministers in The Baltic States are focusing their attention and activities particularly on their Eastern neighbours as is only natural, given their geographical proximity and knowledge of this region. The ENP is a political framework that was designed specifically for EU neighbours adjacent to an EU country; therefore, these countries should explore all possibilities and take advantages of all that the ENP offers. During reforms and European integration, Latvia received valuable assistance from the Union and its member states that we still deeply appreciate. The Baltic States now share their experience, including successes achieved and lessons learned, and they provide assistance to the neighbouring countries. The role of non-governmental players in the implementation of the ENP should be emphasized. NGOs knowledge and networking can provide an important and integral supplement to the measures taken by politicians. H.E. Mr. Urmas Paet Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia Since the EU enlargement in 2004, relations with neighbours have become one of the European Union s foreign policy priorities. How fast and how deep the relationship with any individual ENP partner develops depends on the extent to which these values are shared. For Estonia, the individual approach is a key principle. ENP countries that progress more rapidly should be offered an advanced level of cooperation the opportunity of enjoying the EU four freedoms, deepening economic integration, and simplifying visa procedures. We support establishing of a neighbourhood investment facility as a part of the ENP, and we wish to participate in the facility s trust fund. A significant part of the ENP is related to energy, and in this sphere we must increase cooperation considerably. The proposal to conclude a regional EU ENP energy agreement deserves more thorough consideration. Expansion of the European Energy Community across Southeastern Europe towards Ukraine and Moldova would also be a major benefit. Moreover, the European Union should also find ways to increase its participation in resolving the protracted conflicts in the neighbourhood. Of course, the ENP is not the only tool for solving all problems in the area, but this policy is capable of significantly reshaping the social and political arena through promotion of democracy and development of a civil society. Estonia is an advocate of further EU enlargement based on common values. It is the responsibility of the EU countries to outline a specific framework for those neighbours who have declared that their main national and foreign policy goal is integration into the European Union. H.E. Mr. Petras Vaitiekünas Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania Being on the border of the enlarged European Union, Lithuania is simultaneously exposed to different opportunities and challenges. There are opportunities to transmit to the East the values of democracy, the free market, the rule of law, respect for human rights, freedom of speech, multiculturalism and good governance all of which Lithuania improved during its EU 10

12 accession process. The ENP is the main tool for supporting economic and political reforms in neighbouring countries both in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea. Nevertheless, there are several aspects which need to be improved within the ENP. First, there is a need to reconsider the visa system. Second, it is necessary to develop a free trade area and to integrate neighbouring countries into the EU s single market. Furthermore, the EU should also reconsider the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) and should propose changes in the existing peacekeeping formats. Eastern Europe plays a strategic role in promoting security in Europe, and thus Eastern European countries should not be isolated. Mr. Halldór Ásgrímsson Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers Cooperation is the most important tool in the modern globalized world. Regional cooperation has become a key element for stability and security of individual countries, and the European Union is a very good example of that. Regional cooperation can help countries to face opportunities and challenges of globalization and, as a result, to promote economic growth and competitiveness both on a regional and global level. Previous enlargements of the European Union have increased the power and status of small countries; therefore, regional cooperation can be regarded as an added value for EU candidate countries. Furthermore, cooperation among EU member states will become even more crucial in the future. Over the years, Nordic and Baltic cooperation has become more evenly reciprocal and is based on common priorities; besides, this cooperation within the EU has become increasingly important. Small countries in the same geographical area usually share common aims and visions; therefore, such countries should not be underestimated, even in this highly globalized modern world. Mr. Andrei A. Yeudachenka Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Belarus Regarding the ENP, Belarus devotes particular attention to trade and economic cooperation. Currently, the EU is the second largest trade partner for Belarus after Russia. The Baltic States have a very special role in financial relations between Belarus and the EU. The new developments in relations between Russia and Belarus in trade and energy sector have not worsened the latter s cooperation with the EU and the Baltic States. The main concern at present is integration of Belarus into the World Trade Organisation, which has been suspended by the European Commission for political reasons. The Baltic States have shared their experience and have helped Belarus in this regard, and we are grateful for that. Regarding energy issues, Belarus is ready to discuss alternatives jointly with the EU and the Baltic States in order to ensure that the interests of all involved parties, including producers, consumers and transit countries, are observed. Mr. Valeriu Ostalep Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova The ENP should be oriented primarily towards the interests of citizens. For instance, for the inhabitants of Romania it is very complicated to receive visas for travelling abroad, and it is impossible for students to study abroad. Only a year has passed since Romanias accession to the EU; therefore, there is hope that this situation will eventually improve. It is important to view the ENP in the light of various mechanisms designed to respond to the specific needs of citizens of neighbouring states. Common values are essential, but it is more important to cooperate in realizing these values. The two European information centres that were recently opened in Moldova are very important tools for raising awareness among citizens regarding the benefits the EU can offer. 11

13 PANEL DISCUSSIONS PANEL I: Balance between the Eastern and Southern Directions of the ENP Policy makers and experts involved in developing neighbourhood policy discussed implementation of the ENP and the role played by certain EU member countries. After experts had expressed their point of view in brief presentations, participants of the discussion were asked to give their comments. The main topical issues addressed during the panel were the following: What are the similarities and differences between the ENP s Southern and Eastern directions? How do EU strategic interests differ in individual neighbouring regions? To what extent are EU strategic interests in the two regions compatible with those of other major players (e.g., Russia, USA)? To what extent is it necessary to develop specific regional elements in both directions? Is the ENP a consolation prize for countries deemed to be too poor, too undemocratic, too Muslim, or too distant to become full-fledged members of the EU? What impact can the ENP have if target countries have little prospects of EU membership? To what extent have the new EU members had an impact on the ENP in general or in terms of raising the profile of the Eastern dimension? Do the new EU member states participate in the Southern dimension at all? Mr. Rutger Wissels Director of Directorate D: ENP Coordination, European Commission Balance between Eastern and Southern directions of the ENP is essential. Latvia and Sweden may have an increased interest in Morocco, for instance, while Portugal and France may need to pay attention to Ukraine. The EU and its member states can be successful only if they stick together, work together and solve problems together. The key word in the ENP is diversity. Our Eastern and Southern neighbours are very different: their political and economic situations are different, their values are different, and their ambitions with regards to the EU are also different. It is possible to perfectly accommodate these differences in the ENP. All partners are extended an equal offer to have deeper relations. It is up to them how they take advantage of this offer; however, this should be an explicitly independent decision. It is important to encourage all EU partners because their prosperity, stability and security are important to all countries. There is a great need for reforms in the majority of partner countries. They have to implement these 12

14 reforms themselves, but neighbouring countries can share their experience and give their advice. The EU needs to offer more greater trade and economic integration, easier travel opportunities for the citizens of neighbouring countries, more active involvement in conflict resolution, and closer mutual contacts. Mr. Juozas Jarußeviçius Member of the Lithuanian delegation to the Baltic Assembly The ENP was born on the eve of the largest wave of EU enlargement. As a result of this wave, the EU borders moved eastwards, bringing in new EU neighbours and setting a difficult task to redefine relations with the Eastern neighbours and to establish new mutually beneficial forms of cooperation. Cooperation in the energy sector will greatly affect the balance between the two directions of the ENP. The two directions of the ENP cover two regions which have fundamental differences. The Eastern dimension countries are EU s neighbours in Europe (countries in the South Caucasus have a common border with Turkey, an EU candidate country), while the countries of the Southern dimension are not only EU s but also Europe s neighbours situated on the other shore of the Mediterranean Sea, namely, on a different continent (Africa) and they are not European countries in a geographical sense. Eastern dimension countries (especially Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and countries of the South Caucasus) have clearly expressed their desire to become EU member states in the future, whereas Southern dimension countries have no valid basis for joining the EU. The ENP was launched in order to prevent further EU enlargement to the East and thus eliminate the attendant risk that the bloc would become difficult to manage. The ENP is a mechanism for imposing terms and conditions on, as well as for supplying incentives to our neighbours. The absence of membership on the list of incentives could weaken the motivation of Eastern partners to carry out political, social, economic, and legal reforms because the costs of implementing these reforms are often rather high. In view of their special historical relations with the Eastern partners of the ENP and their experience in undergoing the EU accession process, the Baltic States play an important role in implementing the ENP. Mr. Valdis Birkavs Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Member of the Club de Madrid It is of particular significance to discuss why the EU does not have a common position towards the Black Sea region. One possible answer could be that regional organizations such as GUAM (consisting of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) are not considered as providing added value for the EU. This might sound arrogant, but on the other hand, it could be a challenge for the countries of the region to involve the EU in their regional activities. Balance in the region can be reached only by a set of various short-, mid-, and long-term activities. Shortterm activities are related mostly to technical assistance to EU neighbours regarding the most topical issues. Long-term goals are based on a shared vision of society where security is based on stability and economic prosperity throughout the EU and its neighbourhood. There are also mid-term activities, which include mostly action plans 13

15 to guide neighbours towards democracy, market economy and the rule of law. The EU is primarily interested in implementing ENP goals, namely, combating illegal migration, implementing readmission agreements and cooperation in the field of international security, and combating terrorism. The EU has a duty to help ensure continuation of economic dynamism in its present and future neighbours. Mr. Kees van Rij Director of European Integration Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands The EU has not only responsibilities but also interests in its neighbouring countries which are defined in the EU Security Strategy. The ENP, introduced in , has much to offer to ENP countries economically, politically and financially. It is important to promote progress and balance through reform programmes which are implemented in each individual country. Moreover, it is important not to regard the ENP as a guarantee of EU membership because these are two different things. On the contrary, the strength of the ENP lies within its bilateral character. Although the ENP is the policy for all EU neighbouring countries, it provides opportunities to work with each partner country individually and to address its main needs through an action plan. Nevertheless, it is important to regard the ENP as a uniform policy. ENP countries have not yet made full use of the opportunities of the ENP and the ENP Instrument. Another aspect is that the ENP has certain advantages which the European Economic Area does not have because it allows partners to implement the acquis communautaire in a more selective fashion. And finally, the ENP can be customized; its strength lies in its bilateral nature. A multilateral approach is presently not on the agenda, but if we want to introduce a collective element in the ENP, what would that be? Mr. Miguel Ángel Navarro Secretary General for the European Union, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain Spain sees the ENP as a policy which is suffering from some confusion and misunderstanding; therefore, the time has come to clear up some of the most problematic issues. In Spain s view, the ENP must cover two different areas as two neighbourhoods, as two dimensions of a single policy having equal principles and conditions. The equal principles and conditions are very important because partners should be judged by their specific achievements and implementation of their national action plans. The ENP works on a national, not regional, basis, and this fact needs to be taken into account when discussing the

16 balance between Eastern and Southern directions of the ENP. Spain has made considerable effort in implementing the ENP. Among the main achievements are twelve different action plans which Spain has signed during the three years since the ENP was launched. For the Eastern neighbours, the ENP was a particularly promising policy. It provided a new stimulus for their future aspirations. All in all, Spain considers the ENP as a win-win proposition for the EU and its partners. Global challenges show how crucial the consolidation of the neighbourhood is. Mr. Andrei Popov Executive Director of the Foreign Policy Association of Moldova It is necessary to think about creating a common vision of the future of the European Union. Since the Barcelona process was launched in 1995, strong institutions, different networks, conferences, ministerial meetings, and even parliamentary assemblies appeared during the process of Europeanization. However, nothing like this exists in the East; therefore, the ENP Eastern dimension should have similar frameworks of cooperation. The issue of differentiation is also very important. It is also essential to ensure that this framework makes it possible to differentiate among the countries according to the quality of implemented reforms. The ENP and enlargement of the EU are two different processes. It is very important to talk about interdependence among the quality of reforms, their implementation and their results. Action plans are also significant tools which require disciplined work by the government. Nevertheless, it is important to find a balance between the Southern and Eastern neighbours, as well as to find a balance between bilateral and multilateral frameworks. Mr. Abdeal Raouf El Reedy Chairman of the Council on Foreign Affairs of Egypt When the idea about the ENP was presented, it was unclear what benefits it would bring. Multilateralism is a very important aspect of the ENP, but it is necessary to provide more information about the French idea of multilateral framework and to put maximum effort into raising public awareness of the process. For Southern Europe it is very important to preserve their cultural values, and that must be taken into account when discussing development of the Eastern and Southern dimensions of the ENP. 15

17 PANEL II: Political Dialogue at the Parliamentary Level an Instrument in the ENP This panel discussion was devoted to the ENP in general, as well as to the role and experience of national parliaments in cooperating with neighbouring countries in order to reach the ENP goals. The most topical issues addressed at the panel discussion were the following: Inter-parliamentary dialogue: a significant instrument to foster better understanding of the EU and its values in the neighbourhood. What are the most efficient forms of dialogue at the parliamentary level? How can parliamentary cooperation be intensified between the European Parliament and national parliaments, as well as among national parliaments themselves? The Baltic reform experience and a legislative process as a model for reforms in the ENP countries. Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani Chairman of the Board of the Robert Schuman Foundation, France There are good prospects for the ENP to become a powerful political tool of the European Union in the future. Until the introduction of the ENP, the Union had a good external policy; however, it was mainly aimed at EU enlargement. Therefore, after the EU was enlarged, the urgent need for a new policy arose. Success of the ENP depends on developing a dialogue among members of national parliaments and partners of the EU, such as Moldova, Ukraine, Caucasus republics and Turkey, with regard to their possible accession to the EU. The strengthening of the ENP and enhancing stability in Europe and its neighbourhood would benefit all stakeholders. Mr. Iurie Roşca Deputy Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament At present, Moldova is not an EU or a NATO member state. That is not because Moldova lacks political will. It is primarily the result of geographical games in the post- Soviet area. With the support of EU member states, the strategic goals of Moldova will be achieved in the near future. Moldova has a strong political will to realize its European dream. All parliamentary groups, despite their differences, are motivated to maintain the common platform and solidarity regarding European integration and continuation of the reform process. During the last two years, the Parliament of Moldova focused on the process of implementing the so called EU-Moldova Action Plan, and a package of new laws was adopted in order to harmonize Moldova s national legislation with European regulations and norms. The ENP has also positively influenced the implementation of internal reforms in Moldova. The European integration process will depend on internal modernization. At the same time, the ENP needs to open the European perspective and to develop a mechanism for monitoring the fulfilment of commitments assumed by both sides. Cooperation between Moldova and the EU is beneficial for Moldova. The Parliament of Moldova requests direct involvement of the European Parliament in the ENP by immediately implementing the EU Moldova Action Plan by the following methods: encouraging the use of a differentiation principle based on individual 16

18 performance and joint cooperation between the EU and Moldova. Moldova is ready to implement the domestic reforms needed for the accession to the European Union. Mr. Trivimi Velliste Vice President of the Baltic Assembly, Estonia A few years ago, the Baltic Assembly concluded its reform process. One of the aims of the reforms was to establish a mechanism similar to that in the Nordic countries and the Benelux Parliament and to prioritize issues to be discussed together with the Benelux Parliament and the Nordic Council. This is a good example of how to cooperate on a parliamentary level in order to solve many politically vital issues. The common policies should include long-term energy strategies and the fight against cyber crimes, which will be among top priorities of the Baltic Assembly in Cyber attacks are a major challenge in the years to come not only for the Baltic States but also for all of Europe and the world. In October 2007, in Vilnius, a very successful seminar on Belarus issues was held. It was organized by the Nordic Council, and the discussion format, which brought together both the position and the opposition of Belarus political elite and a number of invited guests, proved to be successful. The Nordic Council plans to start a tradition of organizing annual seminars regarding Belarus because such discussions have proved to be very open and mutually rewarding. more active in raising the awareness of society about the ENP because that would very substantially contribute to shaping EU s policy. Second, there is a gap between national parliaments of the member states and the representatives to international organizations, such as the WEU. Parliaments should put more effort into increasing knowledge and expertise within international bodies in order to make the system function and to avoid their being merely declarative puppet institutions. Third, there is a lack of coordination among various authorities and officials both within the national parliaments of member states and within the EU institutions. And fourth, there is a lack of public awareness regarding EU matters both within the EU and its neighbourhood. Lord Russell-Johnston Chairman of the Committee for Parliamentary and Public Relations of the WEU Assembly The WEU Assembly has recognized four important problems concerning the effectiveness of the ENP. First, politicians are not effectively implementing the ENP. Politicians in member states should be 17

19 Ms. Heli Tiirmaa-Klaar Head of the International Relations Department, Institute of International and Social Studies of Estonia Since the launching of the ENP, the central question looming over this policy has been how to make the ENP an efficient instrument for promoting democracy and good governance in EU s neighbouring countries. Are the incentives, such as deeper economic integration and assistance, sufficient for bringing about changes in the neighbourhood? How can the ambitious goals spelled out in the Neighbourhood Strategy Paper be achieved? How can the EU really change the domestic norms and values of other countries? During political reconfiguration of Europe, the EU is defining its new role by extending and maintaining its four types of boundaries: geopolitical, institutional, cultural, and transactional. The geopolitical boundary is associated with the meaning characteristic of the IR tradition, according to which the EU is seen as an island of security and stability amid a disorderly outside world. The institutional or legal boundary marks the real border of the EU, i.e., the territory governed by the community law and institutional engagement. The cultural boundary refers to common practices of the EU, or European exceptionalism, such as EU norms and values, and a practice of good governance. PANEL III: The Baltic States and the ENP Eastern Dimension The Baltic States have been active supporters of the ENP. Because of geographical proximity and common past experience, their attention and activity have been particularly focused on EU s Eastern neighbours. Sharing the reform experience gained by the Baltic States during their EU integration process has been recognized as their most valuable contribution in implementing the ENP. Among the most topical questions addressed at the panel discussion there were the following: Which elements of the Baltic reform experience might be the most valuable for their Eastern neighbours? What do the Baltic States themselves and their Eastern partners consider as the most relevant experience? Do the Baltic States have any traditional or specific knowledge about their Eastern neighbours other than a fading common memory of Soviet rule, a shared suspicion of Russia and residual Russian language skills? What is the likelihood of a larger, sustained Baltic effort to assist the Eastern neighbours? Can the Baltic States and other EU partners intensify activities in the Eastern neighbourhood without arousing Russia s ire? What have been the most successful examples of cooperation? What lessons have been learned? Can the Baltic States strengthen their role in the Eastern dimension of the ENP and become players in the Southern dimension? How? Ms. Vaira Paegle Chairperson of the European Affairs Committee of the Parliament of Latvia Regardless of the direction north, east, south or west the ENP is a model concept which, although in progress, satisfies neither the giver nor the receiver. The ENP is actually proof that for now the EU has reached the limits of expansion. The ENP is neither an equal tool nor a substitute for EU membership, nor does it really answer the very complex question of what Europe is and 18

20 where its borders are. If the EU is available to every democratic European country with a functioning market economy, respect for human rights and the ability to implement EU legislation, the list of potential candidates must include every European country that fits the above-mentioned definition. Instead, the ENP logically groups together six European countries on its eastern border that eventually may become EU members, and ten that will never become members. This is an easy way to confuse the issue of membership by mixing countries located on different continents and having different cultures, political institutions, problems and aspirations regarding the EU. The ENP shortcomings, however, have not prevented the Baltic States from actively engaging their Eastern neighbours in an effort to keep the prospects of eventual EU membership alive. Mr. Peter Semneby EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus, Council of the European Union There are two ways in which the Baltic States can interact and help the Eastern neighbours of the European Union. The first is by sharing the experience of the Baltic States with their Eastern neighbours on technical issues as they engage in a long-term relationship built on confidence and stability. The second is advocating in the EU the concerns of the neighbouring countries. The so-called individual approach to EU neighbours could also be the most effective way of pursuing regional interests within the EU. It is clear that the EU needs relationships with countries from the Eastern and the Southern dimensions. Mr. Tigran Mkrtchyan Executive Director of the Armenian International Policy Research Group There are six topical issues regarding the ENP which require urgent response. The first broadly discussed issue is conflict resolution. This is a priority issue for the development of the entire region. The EU has the potential to be a mediator between conflicting parties; however, it is necessary to enhance the EU s capacity for conflict resolution. Namely, there is a lack of specific action plans and strongly defined priorities regarding conflict resolution. The second issue is the lack of conflict prevention strategy in the ENP Action Plan. The third issue is the need for the EU to promote democratization and reforms taking place in the South Caucasus. The fourth issue is the conditionality of the ENP: the EU must make ENP aid to South Caucasus countries conditional on their progress in democratization, observance of human rights and implementation of the rule of law. The fifth issue is solving already existing problems in the region and avoiding references to EU membership. More attention should also be focused on preventive measures. Finally, the EU should apply pressure on Turkey to open its borders with Armenia. The US government has done some work in this regard, but the EU should use its leverage in effectively and positively influencing Turkey to open the last closed borders. 19

21 PANEL IV: A Common Approach of the Baltic States and the Nordic Countries to the Implementation of the ENP The following topics were addressed during this panel discussion: How could the Baltic and Nordic cooperation experience be better used in the neighbouring regions? Common Baltic-Nordic efforts to support reform processes in the neighbouring regions; Joint and bilateral activities in the neighbourhood; The need to involve all the Baltic and Nordic actors: parliaments, governments, NGOs, and other civil society groups. Mr. Kari Liuhto Director of the Pan European Institute of Finland In view of the rather tense relations between the EU and Russia, it is not very easy to be constructive. The concept of reciprocity is a good starting point for treating neighbours regardless of their size or political power. Now the EU and Russia are on the edge of a new era of reciprocity, which can be called the reciprocity of restrictions. Instead of being afraid that the EU might exercise protectionism in order to slow down the expansion of Gazprom in the single market of the EU, the Russian investment environment is already becoming more restrictive towards foreign companies. However, it is perfectly clear that both the EU and Russia have to coexist with all their neighbours. This coexistence is naturally more harmonious when the neighbours feel that both sides are playing by the same rules. It is also essential for all the EU countries neighbouring Russia to have a common policy within the Union towards Russia. Bilateral relations may aid a common policy, but they should never contradict it. The EU and Russia are different enough to learn from each other, but similar enough to collaborate with each other. Mr. Toms Rostoks Researcher at the Latvian Institute of International Affairs There are three issues that should be taken into account when thinking about closer cooperation between the Baltic and Nordic countries vis-à-vis our Eastern neighbours. The first is the issue of motivation. It has frequently been argued that cooperation between countries in the Baltic Sea region has stagnated in recent years. The consensus should be that the ENP must become an instrument that provides a new impetus for regional cooperation. The Baltic Sea region is a very stable and prosperous region, and now it is time to use these assets in order to help other countries. The second is the issue of process the process of the Baltic Sea region becoming more intensively used as a tool for helping our Eastern neighbours, such as Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia and Belarus. NGOs, private and state organizations in Baltic and 20

22 Nordic countries will also benefit from closer cooperation. It is clear that development cooperation as a policy is here to stay, and the Baltic States should acknowledge that in 10 years time we will be helping African countries as well. The third issue is results. Countries in our Eastern neighbourhood are not the poorest of the poor; statistically, they belong to the group of middle income countries. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge that the best we can do for our neighbours is to facilitate their development. EU membership may become an option during the process, but development should be given priority. Mr. Mart Laar Member of the Parliament of Estonia, former Prime Minister of Estonia The Baltic States and the Nordic countries have given their political support to reforms taking place in Georgia and have supported Georgia s integration into international structures. International organizations have failed in their effort to solve critical situation on the borders of Georgia, but the Baltic States and the Nordic countries have been very actively participating in investigating different situations. There is a Nordic initiative to establish an investigative team as a part of European institutions to react promptly to provocations and to reduce possible incidents. There are a number of other initiatives which Nordic and Baltic countries, jointly or separately, have launched in Georgia. However, the most important task is to create a common EU position and programmes towards Georgia and other neighbouring countries. governance and human rights in the neighbourhood area. This conference provides a forum for exchanging ideas. Together it is possible to see the rapid progress of the ENP and to propose ideas on how to make it better. The future of the neighbours is very important for the Nordic countries and the Baltic States. The ENP is a vital policy that focuses on neighbouring countries. For Nordic and Baltic countries the question is how to make it even more efficient and how to develop the ENP further. With regard to relations with Belarus, the EU has clearly stated that Belarus and the EU will be able to develop relations when the country establishes a democratic form of governance after holding free and fair elections. Nordic and Baltic States have contacts with Belarus Mr. Asmund Kristoffersen Chairman of the Environment and Natural Resources Committee of the Nordic Council This conference is a clear testimony of the importance the Baltic Assembly attaches to promoting democracy, good 21

23 NGOs, and this makes it possible for children from Belarus to study in other countries. It is also very important to have closer cooperation with the GUAM Parliamentary Assembly. Mr. Alyaksandr Milinkevich Leader of the United Democratic Forces of Belarus Other European countries have often asked how they can help Belarus to become democratic; all the instruments used previously have not been effective. To achieve this goal, it is very important to work not only with the government of Belarus but with society as well because Belarusian society is divided into two parts. One part is democratic, and it is very important to remember that when discussing plans for working with the government and with this active part of society. Usually after elections when democratic forces have lost, attention is focused on the government. The government wants to cooperate with the EU only on economic issues, not on human rights issues. The situation in Belarus is critical; people are imprisoned for organizing meetings and spreading democratic ideas, which are a signal to fight for freedom. Here the support from the Baltic States and the EU is much needed. It is very important to support the democratic initiatives of society. Mr. Julian Chifu Director of the Centre for Conflict Prevention and Early Warning of Romania There are three main items that need to be discussed. The first is the very topical issue regarding the borders of the EU. The ENP is distinct from enlargement policies, and it is not the first step towards EU membership. However, the ENP should not exclude the open door policy. Everybody is looking forward to a regional grouping of nations. At the same time, there were some difficulties in relations between the Ukraine and Moldova. The second item is the strong, not the soft, power of the EU. The EU has transformation and integration power. Prospective member countries of the EU now are witnessing the EU s loss of interest in them. The third item concerns the side effects of the criticism of the ENP. Many countries are criticizing the ENP, and the side effects of this criticism are that many countries addressed by the ENP pay scant attention to the ENP and its Action Plans. Countries are starting to ignore the tools and instruments of the ENP. 22