Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease With Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Tau Protein Phosphorylated at Threonine 231

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1 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease With Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Tau Protein Phosphorylated at Threonine 231 Katharina Buerger, MD; Raymond Zinkowski, PhD; Stefan J. Teipel, MD; Tero Tapiola, MD; Hiroyuki Arai, MD, PhD; Kaj Blennow, MD, PhD; Niels Andreasen, MD, PhD; Klaus Hofmann-Kiefer, MD; John DeBernardis, PhD; Daniel Kerkman, PhD; Cheryl McCulloch, BS; Russell Kohnken, PhD; Frank Padberg, MD; Tuula Pirttilä, MD, PhD; Marc B. Schapiro, MD; Stanley I. Rapoport, PhD; Hans-Jürgen Möller, MD; Peter Davies, PhD; Harald Hampel, MD Background: Phosphorylation of tau protein at threonine 231 (using full-length tau, 441 amino acids, for the numbering scheme) (p-tau 231 ) occurs specifically in postmortem brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and can be sensitively detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Objectives: To determine to what extent CSF levels of p-tau 231 distinguish patients with AD from control subjects and from patients with other dementias, and to investigate whether p-tau 231 levels are a better diagnostic marker than levels of total tau protein (t-tau) in CSF. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional, multicenter, memory clinic based studies. Participants: One hundred ninety-two patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, or other neurological disorder and healthy controls. Main Outcome Measures: Levels of CSF tau proteins as measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Mean CSF levels of p-tau 231 were significantly elevated in the AD group compared with all other groups. Levels of p-tau 231 did not correlate with dementia severity in AD, and discriminated with a sensitivity of 9.2% and a specificity of 8.% between AD and all non-ad disorders. Moreover, p-tau 231 levels improved diagnostic accuracy compared with t-tau levels when patients with AD were compared with healthy controls (P=.3) and demented subjects (P.1), particularly those with FTD (P.1), but not those with vascular and Lewy body dementias. Sensitivity levels between AD and FTD were raised by p-tau 231 compared with t- tau levels from 57.7% to 9.2% at a specificity level of 92.3% for both markers. Conclusion: Increased levels of CSF p-tau 231 may be a useful, clinically applicable biological marker for the differential diagnosis of AD, particularly for distinguishing AD from FTD. Arch Neurol. 22;59: Author affiliations are listed at the end of the article. ABNORMAL hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated tau protein and its incorporation into neurofibrillary tangles are major hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). Until recently, only total tau protein (t-tau) as a marker of neuronal damage was detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Elevated levels of CSF t-tau have been observed in patients with AD, 1 even in those with mild dementia, 2 compared with healthy elderly controls. However, CSF t-tau levels are of limited value in the differential diagnosis of AD, because they can be increased in other dementia disorders. 3-8 Therefore, it appears likely that t-tau levels reflect neuronal degeneration rather than AD-specific pathophysiology. The use of antibodies to sites of tau that are specifically phosphorylated in AD may help to increase diagnostic accuracy, because the marker would be linked to a neuropathological hallmark of the disease. Detection of phosphorylated tau protein in the CSF therefore may provide a useful biomarker as outlined by the consensus report of the Working Group on Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer s Disease. 9 Recently, 3 different immunoassays were developed that reliably detect phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the CSF These assays detect different sites of phosphorylation. Levels of CSF tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 were elevated in patients with AD compared with those with other dementias and healthy control subjects. 13,14 Itoh and colleagues 12 showed that CSF tau phosphorylated at serine 199 dis- 1267

2 SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS SUBJECT SELECTION We enrolled a total of 192 subjects. Of these, 82 had probable AD (defined by criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke Alzheimer s Disease and Related Disorders Association) 17 ; 26, FTD 18 ; 17, LBD 19 ; and 2, VD. 2 These patients had structural and functional imaging findings consistent with the diagnoses. Twenty-six patients with OND were diagnosed as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=2), human immunodeficiency virus infection (n=1), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=1), stroke syndrome (n=3), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I (n=1), Lyme borreliosis (n=3), rheumatoid arthritis (n=1), polyneuropathy (n=2), sarcoidosis (n=1), Huntington disease (n=1), progressive spasticity of unknown etiology (n=1), bulbar syndrome of unknown etiology (n=2), other psychiatric disorder (n=2), myopathy (n=1), diplopia and nystagmus (n=1), palsy of the sixth cranial nerve (n=1), essential tremor (n=1), and extrapyramidal symptoms of unknown etiology (n=1). We also included 21 HC subjects. Study subjects were recruited at the following 5 academic expert centers: the Dementia Research Section and Memory Clinic, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig- Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (38 AD, 6 FTD, 1 VD, 9 LBD, 19 OND, and 13 HC subjects); the Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (7 AD, 4 FTD, 6 VD, 5 LBD, and 7 OND subjects); the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (12 AD, 7 FTD, 4 VD, and 3 LBD subjects); the Department of Rehabilitation, Pitea River Valley Hospital, Pitea, Sweden (5 FTD subjects); and the Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (25 AD, 4 FTD, and 8 HC subjects). Characteristics of the patients and controls are given in Table 1. The protocol was approved by the local ethical committees and the institutional review boards of the participating centers. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Eight of the 21 HC subjects were volunteers without any medical, neurological, or psychiatric disorder. Thirteen HC subjects were cognitively normal according to results of the battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Diease 21 (results within ±1 SD in all subtests). The CSF was collected while the subjects underwent spinal anesthesia for surgery of the urinary tract or lower extremities. Three of these subjects had diabetes mellitus as a substantial somatic comorbidity. CSF SAMPLING AND ANALYSES OF TAU PROTEINS The CSF samples were obtained by means of lumbar puncture, and aliquots were stored at 8 C until analysis. Mean±SD length of CSF storage was 4.1±4.4 years. Levels of p-tau 231 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Molecular Geriatrics Corporation, Vernon Hills, Ill) that is specific for p-tau Results of experiments describing the specificity of the detection antibody CP9 for p-tau 231 have been reported. 1 The coefficients of variation calculated from the raw data were 13.6% (interassay) and 6.8% (intra-assay). For each patient, 8 µl of CSF was analyzed per well in duplicates. Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing of CSF samples did not affect the level of p-tau 231 (data not shown). Length of CSF storage did not affect p- tau 231 levels in any group (,.15 to.3; P.2). ApoolofADCSFwasmadefromsamplesof4individualswithclinicallydiagnosedADwhowereunrelatedtothestudy population. This AD CSF pool was used to produce a standard curve.levelsofp-tau 231 inoursubjectswereexpressedinterms of the volume of the AD CSF pool that gave an equivalent signal, termed microliters of CSF equivalents. The plot of the standardcurveproducedwiththeadcsfpooldidnotpassthrough the origin, and consequently, extremely low p-tau 231 signals producednegativevaluesintermsofmicrolitersofcsfequivalents. Levels of t-tau protein were measured in duplicate using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(innotesthtau,artk-132;innogenetics,gent,belgium) according to the manufacturer s instructions. The coefficients of variation were less than 13% (interassay) and 11% (intra-assay). Assay operators (R.Z. and C.M.) were masked to the diagnostic category of the samples. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Values for p-tau 231 and t-tau differed significantly from a normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences in mean levels of CSF p-tau 231 and t-tau across all groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric 1-way analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons between the AD and the othergroupswereperformedwiththemann-whitneytest. For p-tau 231 and t-tau levels, sensitivity and specificity levels and numbersofcorrectlyallocatedcaseswerederivedfromreceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis when the sum of specificity and sensitivity was maximized. Areas under the ROC curves (AUC) as measures of diagnostic accuracy were comparedbetweenp-tau 231 andt-taulevelsusingthealgorithm of Hanley and McNeil. 22,23 Correlations between p-tau 231 and t-tau levels and group characteristics were assessed with the Spearman rank correlation. Differences between groups with regard to age were assessed with the Mann-Whitney test, and with regard to sex distribution with the 2 test. criminates between subjects with AD and non-ad disorders with a sensitivity and a specificity of 85%. Phosphorylation of tau protein at threonine 231 (ptau 231 ) appears very early in AD and precedes paired helical filament assembly. 15 A bioassay of p-tau 231 demonstrated a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 97% in distinguishing AD from other neurological disorders (OND). 1 These preliminary data suggest that CSF p- tau 231 may be a good biochemical marker for AD. The assay detects early features of pathophysiology, might be used to track disease progression in individual patients, 16 and accurately discriminates patients with AD from neurological control subjects. 1 In the present study, we investigated in an independent patient and control sample to what extent CSF p- tau 231 levels discriminate between patients with AD and those with other common causes of dementia (frontotemporal dementia [FTD], vascular dementia [VD], and 1268

3 Table 1. Characteristics of Patients and Control Subjects* Group Age, Mean ± SD (Range), y No. of F/M MMSE Score, Mean ± SD (Range) AD 69.3 ± 9.5 (35-86) (n = 82) 45/ ± 6.1 (1-28) (n = 8) FTD 66.8 ± 1.5 (49-88) (n = 25) 16/1 2.1 ± 5. (9-28) (n = 22) VD 75. ± 5.3 (65-85) (n = 2) 1/ ± 5.4 (1-25) (n = 18) LBD 73.1 ± 6.7 (63-84) (n = 17) 8/ ± 6.5 (9-29) (n = 14) OND 61.4 ± 12.9 (41-89) (n = 26) 9/17 NA HC 57.7 ± 14.2 (36-91) (n = 21) 8/ ±.8 (27-3) (n = 13) *MMSE indicates Mini-Mental State Examination; AD, Alzheimer disease; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; VD, vascular dementia; LBD, Lewy body dementia; OND, other neurological disorders; HC, healthy control subjects; and NA, not available. No significant difference was seen in sex distribution between groups (Pearson 2 = 5.88; P =.32). Significant differences in age between the AD and the other groups studied are as follows: AD vs VD, P.5; AD vs OND, P.5; and AD vs HC, P.1. No significant differences were seen between AD, VD, LBD, and FTD groups in severity of dementia as established by the MMSE score (P =.36). CSF p-tau231, µl of CSF Equivalents A 22 B CSF t-tau, pg/ml AD (n = 82) FTD (n = 26) VD (n = 2) Groups LBD (n = 17) OND (n = 26) HC (n = 21) AD (n = 8) FTD (n = 26) VD (n = 19) Groups LBD (n = 17) OND (n = 9) HC (n = 21) Figure 1. Levels of tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231 (p-tau 231 ) (A) and total tau protein (t-tau) (B) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients and control subjects. Dashed lines represent the cutoff level yielding the best sensitivity and specificity for discriminating patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) from those with non-ad disease and healthy control (HC) subjects (by means of receiver operating characteristic curves). Horizontal solid lines indicate means; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; VD, vascular dementia; LBD, Lewy body dementia; OND, other neurological disorders; asterisk, P.5; dagger, P.5; and double dagger, P.1. All comparisons are with the AD group. Lewy body dementia [LBD]) and between patients with AD and healthy controls (HC). To our knowledge, the potential of p-tau 231 in CSF to differentiate AD from other dementias has not been studied. The discriminative power of p-tau 231 measurements was compared with that of measurements of t-tau, which has been studied as a diagnostic marker for AD. RESULTS CSF p-tau 231 AND t-tau LEVELS As illustrated in Figure 1, levels of p-tau 231 and t-tau were significantly increased in the AD group compared with all other groups. Because the HC group was significantly younger than the AD group, we repeated our analysis on a subgroup of 21 patients with AD and 21 HC subjects matched for age (P =.69) and sex (P.99). Differences between the AD and HC subgroups remained highly significant (P.1) for p-tau 231 and t- tau levels. Therefore, we included all patients with AD in our analyses. Levels of CSF p-tau 231 and t-tau correlated significantly with each other in subjects with AD (Spearman =.82; P.1), VD (Spearman =.78; P.1), and LBD (Spearman =.77; P.1). CSF p-tau 231 LEVELS ACCORDING TO AGE, SEX, MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION SCORE, AND CENTER IN THE AD GROUP We found no significant effect of sex (P=.86) or age ( =.5; P=.67) on levels of p-tau 231. Levels of CSF p- tau 231 did not correlate with the Mini-Mental State Examination score (Figure 2)( =.2; P=.85). Levels of p-tau 231 levels did not differ significantly between participating centers (Figure 3) ( 2 =1.75; P=.63). ROC ANALYSIS Sensitivity and specificity levels as well as percentage and absolute numbers of correctly allocated cases are given in Table 2. Levels of p-tau 231 discriminated with a high accuracy between AD and non-ad groups. At a specificity level of 8.% (88/11), the p-tau 231 level was 9.2% (74/82) sensitive and correctly allocated 162 (84.4%) of 192 subjects. In discriminating the AD from the nondemented groups (HC and OND), p-tau 231 levels correctly classified more than 9% of subjects (11 of 13 and 12 of 18 subjects, respectively). Sensitivity (21/21 [1.%]) and specificity (19/21 [9.5%]) levels remained stable for comparison of age- and sex-matched AD and HC sub- 1269

4 16 16 CSF p-tau231, µl of CSF Equivalents CSF p-tau231, µl of CSF Equivalents MMSE Score Center 1 (n = 38) Center 2 (n = 25) Center 3 (n = 12) Center 4 (n = 7) Figure 2. Correlation between CSF p-tau 231 levels and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in patients with AD ( =.2; P=.85). Horizontal line indicates the correlation line. Other abbreviations are explained in the legend to Figure 1. jects. When the AD group was compared with the combined group of other dementia disorders (FTD, VD, and LBD), 117 (8.7%) of 145 and 11 (71.1%) of 142 cases were correctly classified using p-tau 231 and t-tau, respectively. In particular, sensitivity between AD and FTD was improved by p-tau 231 level, compared with that of the t- tau level, from 57.5% (46/8) to 9.2% (74/82) at a specificity of 92.3% (24/26) for both markers. With CSF p- tau 231 levels, 98 (9.7%) of 18 cases were correctly allocated, compared with 7 (66.%) of 16 using t-tau levels. Comparison of AD with VD and with LBD yielded correct classification rates of 87.3% (89/12) and 76.8% (76/99), respectively, using p-tau 231 levels. To test for differences in diagnostic accuracy between p-tau 231 and t-tau levels, we compared the AUC values. Discriminative power between subjects with and without AD and between those with AD and all other dementing disorders was significantly higher for p-tau 231 compared with t-tau levels (P.1). Diagnostic accuracy was also significantly improved using levels of p- tau 231 compared with t-tau in differentiating AD and FTD (P.1). We found no significant difference in the AUC between p-tau 231 and t-tau levels when AD was compared with LBD and VD. The AUC for the AD vs HC group was increased for levels of p-tau 231 compared with t-tau (P=.3). The AUC comparison was not separately tested for AD vs OND, because t-tau levels were measured only in 9 of 26 subjects in the OND group due to limited CSF volume. COMMENT In the present study, we investigated to what extent CSF p-tau 231 levels discriminate between subjects with AD, those with other common causes of dementia, and nondemented controls. The p-tau 231 levels discriminated with a specificity of 8.% and a sensitivity of 9.2% between the group with clinically diagnosed AD and the combined non-ad groups. The phosphorylation of the threonine 231 epitope has been specifically implicated in the tau pathology of AD. 15 The results of our study indicate that p-tau 231 levels in CSF may be a clinically applicable Figure 3. Comparison of CSF p-tau 231 levels in patients with AD between participating centers ( 2 =1.75; P=.63). Center 1 indicates the Dementia Research Section and Memory Clinic, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; center 2, the Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; center 3, the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and center 4, the Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. Short horizontal lines indicate the means. Other abbreviations are explained in the legend to Figure 1. biomarker for AD, reflecting an important feature of AD pathophysiology. 9 The CSF p-tau 231 levels showed an excellent discriminative power between the AD and control (HC and OND) groups, with sensitivity and specificity levels ranging from 9% to 1%. This finding, which was obtained in an independent sample, confirms previous results. 1 In our first study, we had used an AD brain extract for construction of a standard curve. 1 We subsequently found that serial dilutions of AD CSF produced a nonlinear response in the assay. To better mimic the response of patient CSF in the current assay, we used an AD CSF pool to generate a standard curve. We showed a parallelism between the AD brain extract and the AD CSF pool by performing ROC curve analysis for samples assayed with both of the standards and then comparing the AUC as a measure of diagnostic accuracy. 24 The difference in the AUC between the 2 standards was statistically insignificant. Thus, in terms of diagnostic accuracy, the standards are equivalent. Moreover, CSF p-tau 231 levels correctly allocated 8.7% of subjects when AD was compared with other dementia disorders. Levels of p-tau 231 in the CSF were found to clearly distinguish AD from FTD, with a sensitivity of 9.2% and a specificity of 92.3%. The high level of discrimination is likely due to the fact that the biochemical and molecular signatures of tau pathology are distinctly different between the two diseases. 25 Thus, CSF p-tau 231 levels appear to be particularly accurate in discrimination between AD and FTD and may also serve this differential diagnosis in clinical practice. We found an increase of p-tau 231 levels in some patients with VD and LBD. Concomitant AD pathology including neurofibrillary tangles has been described for a considerable number of patients with VD 26 and LBD 27 who are clinically indistinguishable from those with pure VD and LBD, respectively. Most likely, our VD and LBD 127

5 Table 2. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Correctly Allocated Cases Using ROC Analysis for CSF p-tau 231 and t-tau* CSF p-tau 231 Level CSF t-tau Level Groups Sensitivity Specificity Correctly Allocated Cases Sensitivity Specificity Correctly Allocated Cases AD vs non-ad 74/82 (9.2) 88/11 (8.) 162/192 (84.4) 65/8 (81.3) 63/92 (68.5) 128/172 (74.4) AD vs OND 76/82 (92.7) 26/26 (1.) 12/18 (94.4) 72/8 (9.) 8/9 (88.9) 8/89 (89.9) AD vs HC 82/82 (1.) 19/21 (9.5) 11/13 (98.1) 65/8 (81.3) 19/21 (9.5) 84/11 (83.2) AD vs other dementias 76/82 (92.7) 41/63 (65.1) 117/145 (8.7) 65/8 (81.2) 36/62 (58.1) 11/142 (71.1) AD vs FTD 74/82 (9.2) 24/26 (92.3) 98/18 (9.7) 46/8 (57.5) 24/26 (92.3) 7/16 (66.) AD vs VD 76/82 (92.7) 13/2 (65.) 89/12 (87.3) 75/8 (93.8) 9/19 (47.4) 84/99 (84.8) AD vs LBD 63/82 (76.8) 13/17 (76.5) 76/99 (76.8) 7/8 (87.5) 9/17 (52.9) 79/97 (81.4) *Data are given as number/total number (percentage) of cases. CSF indicates cerebrospinal fluid; p-tau 231, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231; and t-tau, total tau protein. Other abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1. groups were heterogeneous with regard to underlying ADpathology, resulting in an increase of p-tau 231 levels in some of the patients with VD and LBD. This decreases the discriminative power of p-tau 231 between AD and VD and between AD and LBD. Our findings on the high discriminative power of CSF p-tau 231 level as a single biomarker between the AD and non-ad groups are consistent with those of a report on CSF tau phosphorylated at serine In addition, we show the potential of p-tau 231 to discriminate patients with AD from those with other relevant dementia disorders and from subjects without dementia. We found no effect of age, sex, or clinical dementia severity on levels of p-tau 231. Moreover, investigating the applicability of p-tau 231 levels across several study sites, we found no effect of center on p-tau 231 levels. These findings indicate that p-tau 231 levels may be a valuable marker for the clinical diagnosis of AD, irrespective of age, sex, dementia severity, and diagnostic center. We avoided a potential bias of our results because none of the diagnostic groups investigated herein was exclusively recruited by a single center. The present study also investigated whether p- tau 231 levels have a superior discriminative power compared with t-tau levels. Our CSF t-tau levels in AD and other disorders are consistent with those of previous reports. 28 Compared with t-tau levels, CSF p-tau 231 levels allowed a significantly better discrimination between the AD and the combined non-ad groups, between the AD and HC groups, and between the AD and non-ad dementia groups. In particular, p-tau 231 levels were superior to t-tau levels for distinguishing AD from FTD. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CSF p-tau 231 levels may be a useful biological marker to differentiate patients with clinically diagnosed AD from those with OND and other dementia disorders, particularly FTD, and from HC subjects. We show that p-tau 231 levels fulfill the core criteria of a useful biomarker of AD as outlined by the consensus report of the Working Group on Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer s Disease. 9 The diagnostic accuracy of the various p-tau epitopes should be evaluated through a comparative study applying the immunoassays of the different p-tau epitopes on the same set of patients. Part of our sample is enrolled in a neuropathological program designed to confirm diagnoses and to provide subjects with autopsy-confirmed disease. Neuropathological studies in clinically well-characterized patients are warranted to further establish CSF p-tau 231 levels as a clinically applicable diagnostic tool. A biochemical marker to accurately discriminate patients with AD from healthy controls would be useful in the early diagnosis of AD. A biomarker for differential diagnosis of AD would be clinically relevant for therapeutic interventions, caregiver counseling, and prognosis. Our findings suggest that CSF p-tau 231 levels might be such a marker. Accepted for publication April 8, 22. Author contributions: Study concept and design (Drs Buerger, Arai, Blennow, Andreasen, Kerkman, Zinkowski, Davies, and Hampel); acquisition of data (Drs Buerger, Zinkowski, Tapiola, Arai, Andreasen, Hofmann-Kiefer, Kohnken, Pirttilä, Schapiro, and Rapoport and Ms McCulloch); analysis and interpretation of data (Drs Buerger, Zinkowski, Teipel, Arai, Blennow, Andreasen, DeBernardis, Kerkman, Padberg, Möller, and Hampel and Ms McCulloch); drafting of the manuscript (Drs Buerger, Arai, Andreasen, Zinkowski, and Hampel); critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (Drs Buerger, Zinkowski, Teipel, Tapiola, Blennow, Andreasen, Hofmann-Kiefer, DeBernardis, Kerkman, Padberg, Pirttilä, Schapiro, Rapoport, Möller, Davies, and Hampel and Ms McCulloch); statistical expertise (Drs Buerger and Teipel); obtained funding (Drs Andreasen and Hampel); administrative, technical, and material support (Drs Zinkowski, Tapiola, Arai, Blennow, Hofmann- Kiefer, DeBernardis, Kerkman, Kohnken, Schapiro, Rapoport, Möller, Davies, and Hampel and Ms McCulloch); and study supervision (Drs Zinkowski, Kerkman, Padberg, and Hampel). From the Dementia Research Section and Memory Clinic, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, Department of Psychiatry (Drs Buerger, Teipel, Padberg, Möller, and Hampel), and the Department of Anesthesiology (Dr Hofmann-Kiefer), Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; the Molecular Geriatrics Corporation, Vernon Hills, Ill (Drs Zinkowski, DeBernardis, Kerkman, and Kohnken and Ms McCulloch); the Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (Drs Tapiola 1271

6 and Pirttilä); the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (Dr Arai); the Unit of Neurochemistry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Göteborg, Sahlgren s University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden (Dr Blennow); the Department of Rehabilitation, Pitea River Valley Hospital, Pitea, Sweden (Dr Andreasen); the Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Schapiro); the Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Dr Rapoport); and the Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Dr Davies). Dr Andreasen is now affiliated with the Division of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. This study was supported by grants from the Volkswagen-Foundation, Hannover, Germany (Dr Hampel); the Hirnliga ev, Nürmbrecht, Germany (Drs Buerger and Hampel); Bayer-Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany (Drs Buerger and Hampel); and the Foerderprogramm fuer Forschung und Lehre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (Drs Buerger, Teipel, and Hampel). This study was presented in part in abstract form at the 17th World Congress of the International Association of Gerontology, Vancouver, British Columbia, July 3, 21, and at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, Calif, November 12, 21. We thank Felician Jancu, Bea Riemenschneider, Jenny Wagner, and Oliver Pogarell, MD, for clinical support; Tom Nolde, PhD, and Heike Gluba for technical assistance; and Arun L. W. Bokde, PhD, for helpful discussion of the manuscript. Corresponding authors: Katharina Buerger, MD, and Harald Hampel, MD, Dementia Research Section and Memory Clinic, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig- Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 8336 Munich, Germany ( katharina.buerger@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de; hampel@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de). Reprints: Raymond Zinkowski, PhD, Molecular Geriatrics Corporation, 5 Lakeview Pkwy, Vernon Hills, IL 661 ( zinkowski@moleculargeriatrics.com). REFERENCES 1. Arai H, Terajima M, Miura M, et al. Tau in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential diagnostic marker in Alzheimer s disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;38: Galasko D, Clark C, Chang L, et al. Assessment of CSF levels of tau protein in mildly demented patients with Alzheimer s disease. Neurology. 1997;48: Otto M, Wiltfang J, Tumani H, et al. Elevated levels of tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci Lett. 1997;225: Kudo T, Mima T, Hashimoto R, et al. 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