Phosphate and Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease

Transcription

1 Phosphate and Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease

2 Contributions to Nephrology Vol. 180 Series Editor Claudio Ronco Vicenza

3 Phosphate and Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Volume Editor Mohammed S. Razzaque Boston, Mass. 25 figures and 4 tables, 2013 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York New Delhi Bangkok Beijing Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Sydney

4 Contributions to Nephrology (Founded 1975 by Geoffrey M. Berlyne) Mohammed S. Razzaque Department of Oral Medicine, Infections & Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine 190 Longwood Avenue Research & Education Building, Room 304 Boston, MA (USA) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phosphate and vitamin D in chronic kidney disease / volume editor, Mohammed S. Razzaque. p. ; cm. -- (Contributions to nephrology, ISSN ; vol. 180) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN (e-isbn) I. Razzaque, Mohammed S., editor of compilation. II. Series: Contributions to nephrology ; v [DNLM: 1. Renal Insufficiency, Chronic--physiopathology. 2. Disease Progression. 3. Phosphates--metabolism. 4. Vitamin D--metabolism. W1 CO778UN v / WJ 342] RC918.R dc Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2013 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Bosch Druck, Ergolding ISSN e-issn ISBN e-isbn

5 Contents VII Preface Razzaque, M.S. (Boston, Mass.) 1 Osteo-Renal Cross-Talk and Phosphate Metabolism by the FGF23-Klotho System Ohnishi, M.; Razzaque, M.S. (Boston, Mass.) 14 Extracellular Phosphate as a Signaling Molecule Michigami, T. (Osaka) 25 Complex Regulation and Diverse Functions of Alpha-Klotho Maeda, R.; Imura, A.; Nabeshima, Y. (Kobe) 47 Klotho and Chronic Kidney Disease Hu, M.C.; Kuro-o, M.; Moe, O.W. (Dallas, Tex.) 64 Nuclear Receptor LXR: A New Partner for Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Cotransporters Caldas, Y. (Aurora, Colo./Zaragoza); Giral, H. (Aurora, Colo.); Sorribas, V. (Zaragoza); Levi, M. (Aurora, Colo.) 74 Phosphate Toxicity and Vascular Mineralization Razzaque, M.S. (Boston, Mass./Nagasaki) 86 Vitamin D and Type II Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Cotransporters Kido, S.; Kaneko, I.; Tatsumi, S.; Segawa, H.; Miyamoto, K. (Tokushima) 98 Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Li, Y.C. (Chicago, Ill.) 110 Parathyroid Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of FGF23-Klotho Axis Koizumi, M.; Komaba, H.; Fukagawa, M. (Isehara) 124 FGF23-Induced Hypophosphatemia Persists in Hyp Mice Deficient in the WNT Coreceptor Lrp6 Uchihashi, K.; Nakatani, T. (Boston, Mass.); Goetz, R.; Mohammadi, M. (New York, N.Y.); He, X.; Razzaque, M.S. (Boston, Mass.) V

6 138 Can Salivary Phosphate Levels Be an Early Biomarker to Monitor the Evolvement of Obesity? Hartman, M.-L. (Cambridge, Mass.); Groppo, F. (Piracicaba, SP); Ohnishi, M. (Boston, Mass.); Goodson, J.M.; Hasturk, H.; Tavares, M.; Yaskell, T.; Floros, C. (Cambridge, Mass.); Behbehani, K. (Dasman); Razzaque, M.S. (Boston, Mass.) 149 Author Index 150 Subject Index VIContents

7 Preface The common thread connecting the chapters of this book is the two most affected nutrients in chronic kidney disease phosphate and vitamin D. Chapters are committed to provide the physiological aspects of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism, and how their pathological dysregulation facilitates the advancement of chronic kidney disease and influences the eventual outcome of the patients. I selected the chapters to present a framework of what the readers would be able to follow to understand the complex molecular and organ cross-talks during disease progression, ranging from the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor 23-klotho system in impaired phosphate transport to parathyroid dysfunction. Each chapter clearly presents the clinically important problems and lists the key unsolved issues related to chronic kidney disease. Readers will be able to use this simple book as a quick reference for updated information on phosphate and vitamin D metabolism without prior acquaintance with the field. My time and efforts of writing, editing and organizing this book will prove worthwhile if its contents inspire young physicians and scientists to take on the challenge of solving some of these clinically imperative issues, through their dynamic thinking and innovative research works. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the research scientists in my laboratory at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine in Boston who, through their hard work, generated an enormous amount of clinically and biologically meaningful data on phosphate and vitamin D metabolism in the shortest possible time. Lastly, this project would not have reached its present form without the help and continued encouragement from the Razzaque family members (Rafi, Yuki, Newaz, Zahid, Shahed, Lisa, Muhit and Nilufar Begum). Mohammed S. Razzaque, Boston, Mass. VII

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