MOTIVATION, ACTIVITY, FULFILLMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASK, AND LIFE SATISFACTION OF ELDERLY WIDOWERS AND WIDOWS

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1 MOTIVATION, ACTIVITY, FULFILLMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASK, AND LIFE SATISFACTION OF ELDERLY WIDOWERS AND WIDOWS 1 DIAH KRISNATUTI, 2 DWIKURNIATI PUTRII 1,2 Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia krisanatuti@gmail.com Abstract- Elderly who have high motivation to perform activities according to their own ability will be satisfied in life. The aimed of this research was to analyze the effect of motivation, activities of daily living, development task, and life satisfaction of elderly widower and widow. Design of this research was used cross-sectional study. The research was conducted in South Bogor Sub-District and West Bogor Sub-District, West Java Province, Indonesia. As many as 60 participants were involved as research sample, consist of 50 elderly widowers and 50 elderly widows which were chosen by snow-ball techniques. Elderly widow had better achievement activity than elderly widower. The result showed that only the length of education andfullfilment of development task which were affecting life satisfaction. Keywords- daily living activity, development tasks, elderly motivation, life satisfaction I. INTRODUCTION In this decade, the elderly population has increased quite striking, not least in Indonesia, the number has increased from year to year. Based on the population projections years , the elderly population in Indonesia in the year of 2014 is estimated at 20,8 million people, while the average of life expectancy in was 70,1 years. The data also show that more than half (56,5%) of elderly women have widowed status and generally are not married anymore. Meanwhile, the majority of elderly men are married (84,1%) and likely had one to care. On the one hand, a large number of elderly can be a resource that can be utilized, but on the other hand, a large number of elderly is a challenge to improve the quality of the elderly (BKKBN 2014). Drewnowski and Evans (2001) outlines the general issues relating to the elderly are physically weak and helpless, very threatened economic status, adjustment of living conditions with changes in the economic status and physical condition, as well as developing new activities that are more suitable for the elderly. The policy direction of the elderly is actually more focused on the family as the main responsible for the elderly, this is in line with the research results of Lestari, Nurchayati, and Wulandhani (2014) that family support was very instrumental in influencing the elderly to pay attention to his health. In the case of the elderly with hypertension, the high motivation of the elderly in blood pressure checked is caused by a family who play an active role in maintaining the health of the elderly. The research of Nihayati (2013) also found an association between family supports and the independence of the elderly in the fulfillment of their daily activities. Napitupulu (2013) states that elderly who are able to limit their daily activities proactively in accordance with the motivation and the ability they have will get the meaningfulness of life and able to actualize themselves in the old age (Suadirman in napitupulu 2013). Furthermore, Santrock (2002) in the theory of activity, states that parents who are active and involved in the activities likely to be satisfied with the life they lived. Meaningfulness of life can be defined as happiness, free from the depressed state, and mentally healthy condition that will lead to life satisfaction (Wan and Wong, 2014). One of the factors that predispose a person to be able to execute and fulfill the task of development is the motivation (Hutapea, 2011). Meaningfulness of life would be realized if the elderly able to carry out the task of development at this time (Hurlock 1980) and the fulfilled developmental tasks will lead to the further development tasks and led to the happiness and success of the family (Duvall 1971). Guven and Sener (2010) states that the development task of family and marital satisfaction have positive influence towards the quality of life subjectively. Dimensions of subjective quality of life consists of life satisfaction, happiness, and self-assessment (Lawton 1991 in Netuveli and Blane 2008). Life satisfaction has five aspects, namely were pleased with the activities that carried out in daily, considers that life is meaningful and sincerely accept the conditions of life, felt he had succeeded in achieving a goal or most of the purpose of life, sticking to a positive self-image, have an optimistic attitude to life, and happy mood (Neugarten 1996). Based on the exposure, the study aimed to: (1) identify the characteristics of the elderly, motivation, activities, the fulfillment of development tasks, and life satisfaction of elderly widowers and widows; (2) analyze the differences in activity, motivation, fulfillment of development tasks, and life satisfaction of elderly widowers and widows; (3) analyze the 92

2 relationship between the characteristics of the elderly, motivation, activity, and the fulfillment of development tasks with the life satisfaction of elderly widowers and widows; (4) analyze the effect of the characteristics of the elderly, motivation, activity, and the fulfillment of development tasks towards life satisfaction of elderly widowers and widows. II. RESEARCH METHODS The design of this research was cross-sectional study using interviews with the questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The research was conducted in urban areas in Bogor, namely South Bogor Sub-district and West Bogor Sub-district. Researcher determined 100 elder people which is consisting of 50 elderly widower and 50 elderly widow with a snow-ball technique. Data were obtained through interviews using questionnaires, include: the elderly characteristics (age, marital status, length of education, employment, income, the number of children, the number of family members, and the number of complaints of disease). Motivation using elderly motivation scale questionnaires which were adapted and modified by Vallerand, Bourque, and Losier (1992) consists of 15 question items with five grading scale and the Cronbach alpha values of Activities using activities of daily living questionnaires that were adapted and modified by Gupta, R. and A. Chaudhuri (2009) consists of 13 question items with two grading scales and the Cronbach alpha value of Developmental tasks using a questionnaire adapted and modified by Havighurst in Hurlock (1980) consists of 21 question items and the Cronbach alpha value of Life satisfaction using a questionnaires that were adapted and modified by Neugarten BL (1996) consists of 25 question items and the Cronbach alpha value of The data were processed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows. Processing and analysis of the data using descriptive and inferential analysis. III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result Characteristics of Elderly Characteristics of the elderly were distinguished based on marital status of a widower and a widow. The average age was 71.8 years for elderly widowers and the elderly widow 70 years old. Elderly widower having fewer children (5) than elderly widow (11). Average education of the elderly were primary school or equivalent with the education length of widower were higher (7.9 years) than elderly widow (5.4 years) and there was significant difference. The average number of family members of elderly widowers and widows were four and the average number of complaints of elderly disease as much as one type of complaint. In terms of income, the average income earned by elderly widower were greater than elderly widow in the amount of Rp and the minimum income both elderly widower and a widow were Rp 0. The average income of elderly people were Rp categorized as not poor because BPS (2013) states that the poverty line in the city of Bogor as much as Rp ,-. Motivation The highest achievement motivation of elderly widower was in the religious aspect, while the lowest in the recreational aspects. The highest achievement motivation of elderly widow was in the aspect of biological needs, while the lowest in the aspect of the need for information. Different test results showed significant differences in the aspects of biological needs that the average score of the biological needs of the elderly widow was higher than elderly widower. This is due to the elderly widow had better lifestyle management such as enough sleep patterns and keep the house clean compared to elderly widower. Table 1 Index of achievement motivation aspect based on marital status Notes: *significant at P <0.05 Activity Base ADL (activity daily living) is basic skills that to possess someone to care for himself, while the instrumental ADL is ADL that associated with the use of tools or objects of everyday life support (Morgenthal in Setiahardja 2005). Almost all the elderly still able to carry out basic activities related to care of themselves, but instrumental ADL of elderly widow was higher than elderly widower. 93

3 Table 2 Index of achievement activity aspects based on marital status Notes: *significant at p <0.01 Developmental Task The highest achievement aspect of the fulfillment of developmental task in elderly widower was the aspects of adjustment to social roles, while the lowest was the adjustment aspects of decrease in physical strength and health. On the other hand, the highest achievement aspect of the fulfillment of developmental tasks in elderly widow was on the adjustment aspects of the relationship with the same age, while the lowest was the adjustment aspect of reduced household income and there was a significant difference, namely the elderly widower were better able to adjust towards reduced household income compared with the elderly widow. According to the research of Gwozdz and Sousa-Poza (2009), elderly experience decrease in the health and income. Table 3 Index of achievement in developmental task aspect based on marital status Notes: *significant at p <0.10 Life Satisfaction Life satisfaction is a general psychological well-being or life satisfaction that is felt by the person as a whole (Santrock 2002). The achievement of life satisfaction of elderly widower were better (70.8%) compared to the life satisfaction of elderly widows (67.9%), but there was no significant difference. Table 4 Distribution of life satisfaction categories based on marital status Factors Influence of Characteristics, Motivation, Activities, and Fulfillment of Development Task towards Life Satisfaction The results of multiple linear regression test showed that the length of education and development task had a positive influence towards the total score of life satisfaction. This showed that the addition of each increase of one unit of education will increase the level of life satisfaction by points and each increase of one unit of development tasks can increase life satisfaction by points. Overall, the variables in this research effect of 40.9% in the regression model, while the remaining 59.1% is influenced by other variables outside the research. 94

4 Table 5 Factors affecting life satisfaction Notes: *significant at p <0.05; ** significant at p <0.01 Discussion Different test results showed that there was a significant differences in the aspects of biological needs, on the average, the elderly widow had higher than elderly widower. WHO (2007) states that the elderly women in both developed and developing countries more maintain the biological needs such as work activities, the risk to jobs, and lifestyles than elderly men. In this aspect, on the average, the elderly widow better in lifestyle management such as enough sleep patterns and keep the house clean compared to elderly widower. The highest average in achievement motivation aspect of elderly widower was in the religious aspect. According Novayelinda, Zulfitri, and Anggraini (2014) found that elderly people who have retired and loss of spouse or friend will develop well spiritual beliefs so that can help the elderly face reality and accept death as a process which cannot be avoided. Elderly widow had better achievement in activity than elderly widower. This is because elderly widower has a lower achievement score in activities of daily living (ADL) instrumental that is activities that associated with the use of tools or supporting objects in daily life such as preparing meals, using the telephone, writing, typing, managing banknotes, and coins (Setiahardja 2005). Based on the research of Johansson, Zarit, and Femia (1997) mostly elderly male in their research would never do household chores, such as cooking, except in urgent situations. However, elderly widower and widow have been able to carry out basic activities which associated with taking care of themselves. It is also found in the research of Schmitt, Snowdon, and Greiner (1996) that 80% of the elderly which were cared for by nuns were able to perform independently activities related to toileting and feeding. The fulfillment of the developmental tasks have low scores on aspects of adjustment, income reduction, and the adjustment of decrease in physical strength and health. This is because elderly widower and widow have experienced a decline in the elderly that is a decline in health and income (Hurlock 1980). In the aspect of adjusting to the death of a spouse significantly elderly widow had much higher average than the elderly widower. This is because the elderly widow is receiving lost her spouse and make activities adjustments after the loss of a spouse both inside and outside the home as well as getting used to taking care of themselves after the loss of a spouse. Akman (2000) states that elderly would feel lonely after losing someone who gives attention, no friends to communicate, and the loss of loved ones. There is few widower who is ready to live alone and organize his life as practiced by single people, in contrast to the widow, the most difficult adjustment is adjustment to incomes reduction (Hurlock 1980). In the aspect of adjustment to relations with same age, physical life settings, and adjustment to social roles in average elderly widowers and widows are in medium category. Elderly have been able to adjust in relations with people of same age, for instance to follow the Qur an recitation and elderly integrated health center (Posyandu). The research of Pernambucoet al (2012) found that the characteristics of the elderly who have been able to adjust to the decline in physical, social, and mental problems that the elderly who are able to accept the existence of self and others as they are and be able to interact and do not take a distance with other people. On the average, elderly have satisfactory physical arrangement that the elderly characterized satisfied staying with their family member. This study is in line with the research of Natividad (2008), on the average, elderly in 95

5 Southeast Asian countries prefer to live with their family than to live alone or with a partner. Life satisfaction which is owned by the majority of the elderly were in the medium category. According to Santrock (2002), elderly that do daily activities will have more life satisfaction than elderly people who just sit at home. This is slightly different to this research, the elderly in this research fatigue when doing activities so that elderly just do activities around the house, even so the elderly enjoy the activities that they do. Based on the research, there are significant differences that elderly widower were more satisfied with married life that has been run than elderly widow and elderly widower had more optimistic life attitude and positive mood compared with the elderly widow. It is characterized by elderly widowers do not worry about the future so that the elderly are not resigned to what was happening. However, overall there was no difference between the life satisfaction of elderly widower and widow, it is also found by Hutapea (2011) that marital status is not directly related to the meaningfulness of life of elderly. Based on the results of the regression test, only the length of education and the developmental tasks that affect life satisfaction. Meggiolaro and Ongaro (2013) found that higher levels of education will increase life satisfaction while physical limitations will decrease life satisfaction. This is in line with Duvall (1971) research which states that life satisfaction can be obtained either by fulfilling the developmental tasks of elderly. This research found some new findings particularly distinguish motivation, activities, developmental tasks, and life satisfaction of elderly widower and widow. However, this research has limitations that is cannot be generalized to the elderly in Indonesia for this research using purposive design. In addition, the limitation of this study lies in the instruments used. This is because the measuring instrument is modified by researcher from previous studies in abroad. To that end, the measuring instrument in this research need to be further developed in accordance with the socio-cultural conditions in Indonesia. IV.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions The elderly are at an elderly age category (60-75 years) with the level of education in primary school or equivalent with the level of income that are in the category of not poor. Most elderly people have the motivation, the activity, the fulfillment of the task of development, and life satisfaction in medium category. Activity of elderly widow is better than elderly widower. 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