Pathology of Bone and Joint Disorders

Transcription

1 Pathology of Bone and Joint Disorders With Clinical and Radiographic Correlation Second Edition

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3 Pathology of Bone and Joint Disorders With Clinical and Radiographic Correlation Second Edition Edward F. McCarthy, M.D. Professor of Pathology and Orthopedic Surgery The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA Frank J. Frassica, M.D. Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Oncology The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA

4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First edition published 1998 Second edition published 2015 Printed in Spain by Grafos SA, Arte sobre papel A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCarthy, Edward F., 1944 author. Pathology of bone and joint disorders with clinical and radiographic correlation / Edward F. McCarthy, Frank J. Frassica. Second edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (Mixed Media) I. Frassica, Frank J., author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Bone Diseases pathology. 2. Joint Diseases pathology. WE 225] RC dc ISBN (Mixed Media) ISBN (Hardback) ISBN (Cambridge Books Online) Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.... Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

5 To our mentors: Howard Dorfman and Frank Sim

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7 Contents Acknowledgments viii Preface: boundary crossings ix 1. Diagnosing bone disease 1 2. Anatomy and physiology of bone Genetic diseases of bones and joints Metabolic bone diseases The pathophysiology of fractures Skeletal manifestations of systemic disease Osteonecrosis Infections of bones and joints Paget s disease Metastatic carcinoma in bone Plasma cell dyscrasia Primary bone tumors Bone cysts Tumor-like lesions Diseases of synovial membrane Diseases of joints The pathology of failed total joint arthroplasty Management of orthopedic pathology specimens from the operating room to microscope 356 Index 362 vii

8 Acknowledgments Many people have supported us during the writing of this book. Lucille McCarthy read the entire manuscript and helped us make it reader friendly. She also supplied encouragement when the authors spirits were low. Norman Barker took many of the photomicrographs, and he and his staff worked with all of the photos to make sure they were instructive. Tim Phelps, from the Johns Hopkins Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, did many drawings. We owe them thanks for their skill and patience. Special thanks go to James Hawkins III who, with tireless devotion, typed many versions of the manuscript and managed the more than 1200 references. Without him this book could not have been written. viii

9 Preface: boundary crossings This book is an introduction to orthopedic pathology co-written by a bone pathologist and an orthopedic surgeon. It is based on our day-to-day collaboration at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Not only do we work together in clinical medicine, we also teach together, and, in composing this book, we draw from both our daily practice and our in-service course in bone pathology. We instruct residents in pathology and orthopedic surgery, and it is for these students this book is primarily intended. In addition, however, we believe it provides practicing physicians with a useful survey of bone and joint disease. Although we keep our discussions at an introductory level, we supply appropriate references for those readers who want to inquire further. In our view, the information in this volume represents the minimum that residents in pathology and orthopedic surgery should know by the completion of their training. Our underlying assumption throughout is that bone and joint diseases are best viewed from multiple angles. Diagnosing skeletal disorders requires the close interaction of pathologists, orthopedists, and radiologists. Therefore, we emphasize the correlation of pathologic features with clinical history and radiographic images. We believe this multidisciplinary approach should inform students learning from the beginning. That is, when pathologists begin to learn about bone diseases, they should, at the same time, learn to read radiographs. The radiographs represent the gross pathology of bone and joint disease, and they provide the context for interpreting the histologic features. Conversely, orthopedists and radiologists must learn to look at pathology slides. Seeing tissues under the microscope will help them better understand what a disease is doing to the patient. In sum, working with bones requires physicians to cross boundaries between specialties. When pathologists cross into the realm of images and learn to converse with radiologists, they return home with a better understanding of their own discipline. And when orthopedists speak with pathologists, they see their patients in a new light. These boundary crossings may be likened to the enriched comprehension of English which results from studying French. This multidisciplinary approach is what we practice and teach, and it is what we encourage in this book. We organize this volume into 18 chapters, and they are best read in order, from first to last. We begin, in Chapter 1, with an overview of skeletal diseases and the principles of their diagnosis. In Chapter 2, we leave this general picture to begin building the foundational vocabulary needed to study bone disorders. That is, we summarize the anatomy and physiology of normal bone, subjects required to understand abnormal bone. In subsequent chapters we explore each of the major bone disease categories we outline in Chapter 1: genetic, metabolic, traumatic, infectious, circulatory, and neoplastic. In addition to bone disease, we also discuss joint diseases and the pathology of failed total joint arthroplasty, including metal-on-metal hip prostheses. To this second edition, we have added discussions of molecular genetics of many orthopedic diseases and new imaging modalities such as PET scan. In most chapters, we provide historical background of the diseases we describe, detailing archeological evidence of skeletal disorders and honoring individuals whose work has led to our current knowledge. This is to remind us that, in the words of Sir Isaac Newton, We stand on the shoulders of giants. It also helps us remember that humans have suffered from these diseases for thousands of years. ix