-There are 2 aspects of sex: genetic sex and anatomical sex. In women, the sex chromosomes are XX. In men, the sex chromosomes are XY.

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1 111 Chapter 7 Gender Sex vs. Gender sex -refers to biological maleness or femaleness -There are 2 aspects of sex: genetic sex and anatomical sex 1. genetic sex -determined by the sex chromosomes In women, the sex chromosomes are XX. In men, the sex chromosomes are XY. 2. anatomical sex -determined by the types of reproductive organs that the person has Males have a penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper s) glands. Females have a vagina, clitoris, labia, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus. gender -the psychological and sociocultural characteristics associated with maleness or femaleness -The terms masculine or feminine are used to characterize a person s gender. gender role -refers to a collection of attitudes and behaviors that are considered to be normal and appropriate in a specific culture for people of a particular sex -In American Society. gender roles for a man (masculine behavior) dominant independent hard core, rugged sexual tough (does not cry) aggressive gender roles for women (feminine behaviors) emotional shy submissive delicate dependent expressive

2 112 -Gender role expectations are culturally defined and vary from society to society. -A kiss on the cheek is considered a feminine act and, therefore, inappropriate between men in American society. -In contrast, such behavior is consistent with masculine role expectations in many European and Middle Eastern societies. -It is important to realize that not every man or woman adheres to the gender roles that have been defined in a particular society. -Also note that having gender roles in a society naturally leads to certain assumptions about how people will behave; in fact, once gender roles are widely accepted, they may begin to function as stereotypes. -A stereotype is a generalized notion of what a person is like based only on that person s sex, race, religion, ethnic background, or similar criterion. gender identity -refers to each individual s subjective sense of being male or female -Most of us realize that we are either male or female in the first few years of life. -Gender identity usually but not always comes with the territory of having certain biological parts. -However, there is no guarantee that a person s gender identity will be consistent with his or her biological sex. -Some people experience considerable confusion in their efforts to identify their own maleness or femaleness. Gender Identity Formation -Two major factors contribute to the formation of gender identity: (1) the types of reproductive organs that the body has and (2) social and cultural influences established during childhood. 1. the types of reproductive organs that the body has -The types of reproductive organs that a person s body has is a major factor that contributes to gender identity formation. A person who has male reproductive organs usually (but not always) develops a sense of maleness. A person who has female reproductive organs usually (but not always) develops a sense of femaleness.

3 social and cultural influences established during childhood -Social and cultural influences established during childhood also contribute to gender identity formation. socialization -the process by which individuals learn and adopt society s expectations for behavior -According to the Social Learning Theory, gender identity can be established in part by several sociocultural influences: parents, peers, the media, and religion. a. parents -A child s earliest exposure to what it means to be female or male is typically provided by the parents. -By age 3, most children have developed a firm gender identity. -From this point, gender-identity reinforcement typically becomes somewhat self-perpetuating, as most children actively seek to behave in ways that they are taught are appropriate to their own sex. -There are several ways that parents influence their child s gender: selection of toys - Girls play with dolls, boys with trucks. amount of interaction -Parents often spend more time with girls and handle (physically touch) them more often, which encourages a nurturing type of behavior. -On the other hand, parents often spend less time with boys, which encourages independence. verbal responses -A boy is often encouraged to suppress his tears if he scrapes his knee because men don t cry. -However, a girl is often encouraged to be emotional and let her feelings out. household chores -Boys take out the trash and mow the yard, while girls wash dishes and cook.

4 114 b. peer group -Starting in preschool and continuing well into adolescence, children select members of their own sex as playmates. -Children and teens often view conformity as very important, and adhering to traditional gender roles promotes social acceptance by their peers. c. the media -includes television, movies, music, etc. -Depictions of men and women in the media are often blatantly stereotypic. -Whereas men most often appear as active, intelligent, adventurous, and in charge, women are more likely to play passive, less competent characters who are better at domestic tasks then at thinking for themselves. -However, within the last decade, there has been an effort by the media to show women and men in equal roles. d. religion -Very traditional male and female roles are established in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religions. -God is presented as male through language such as Father, He, or King. -Leadership positions in most of these churches are usually held by men. Homologous Sex Organs -The external genitals and some internal reproductive structures of males and females originate from the same embryonic tissues. -Therefore, the reproductive organs have corresponding, or homologous, parts. -The following is a list of homologous sex organs in males and females: Female Clitoris Hood of clitoris Labia minora Labia majora Ovaries Male Glans penis Foreskin of penis Shaft of penis Scrotal sac Testes

5 115 Transgenderism transgender or trans -a term applied to an individual whose gender identity is opposite to his or her biological sex -Consequently, the appearance and/or behaviors of a trans person usually do not conform to traditional gender roles. -Sometimes the term transsexual is also used to refer to a person who is transgender. -Most transgender people feel trapped in a body of the wrong sex, a condition known as gender dysphoria. -For example, an anatomically male trans individual feels that she is a woman who has been provided with male genitals by some quirk of fate and wishes to be socially identified as female. -Trans individuals can be heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual; however, many trans people ally with the gay population, which tends to be more tolerant of sexual diversity than does mainstream America. - The cause of transgenderism is unknown; however, it is known that most transgender people are biologically normal individuals with healthy sex organs, intact internal reproductive organs, and the proper complement of XX or XY chromosomes. -Many trans people undergo a sex-reassignment procedure involving surgery that changes their genitals into organs of the opposite sex. sex-reassignment procedure -The sex-reassignment procedure for transgender people is a gradual process that consists of the following steps: 1. extensive screening interviews -During these interviews, the person s motivation for undergoing sex reassignment is thoroughly evaluated. -Individuals with real conflicts and confusion about their gender identity are not considered for surgical alteration. -Individuals with an apparently genuine incongruence between their gender identity and biological sex are then instructed to adopt a lifestyle consistent with their gender identity (i.e. dress style and behavioral patterns). -If, after several months to a year or longer, it appears that the individual has successfully adjusted to that lifestyle, the next step is hormone therapy.

6 hormone therapy Males wishing to be females are given drugs that inhibit testosterone production together with doses of estrogen that induce some breast growth, soften the skin, reduce facial and body hair, and help to feminize body contours. Women who want to become men are treated with testosterone, which helps to increase growth of body and facial hair and produces a deepening of the voice and a slight reduction in breast size. Testosterone also suppresses menstruation. -Most health professionals require that a candidate live for at least 1 year as a member of the other sex, while undergoing hormone therapy, before surgery. 3. genital-altering surgery -Surgical procedures are most effective for men wishing to be women. genital-altering surgery for a man to become a woman The scrotum and penis are removed, and a vagina is created through reconstruction of pelvic tissue. -Great care is taken to maintain the sensory nerves that serve the skin of the penis, and this sensitive skin tissue is relocated to the inside of the newly fashioned vagina. -Intercourse is possible, although use of a lubricant may be necessary, and many male-to-female trans people report postsurgical capacity to experience sexual arousal and organism. An additional surgical procedure can be performed to raise the pitch of the voice. genital-altering surgery for a woman to become a man The breasts, uterus, and ovaries are surgically removed and the vagina is sealed off. The penis is constructed from tissue removed from abdominal skin, the labia, and perineum. -The constructed penis is not capable of natural erection in response to sexual arousal. -However, several artificial devices are available for providing a rigid penis for purposes of intercourse.

7 - For example, an inflatable device can be implanted in the penis (see Figure 14.6, Crooks). If erotically sensitive tissue from the clitoris is left embedded at the base of the surgically constructed penis, erotic feelings and orgasm are sometimes possible. 117

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