Breeding Schemes. Pure line & multiline Out breeding populations & synthetics Clones & apomicts Hybrids

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1 Breeding Schemes Pure line & multiline Out breeding populations & synthetics Clones & apomicts Hybrids 2010

2 Developing hybrid cultivars maize, brussels sprouts, kale, onions, rapeseed, sorghum, rice, tomato, sunflower

3 Developing hybrid cultivars G.H. Schull, 1909: suggests hybridization between inbred lines to develop hybrid corn D.F. Jones, 1918: suggests double cross maize hybrids that rapidly replace open-pollinated cultivars of that time.

4 Crossing F 2 F 1 Single plants F 3 Head rows F 4 Head rows F 5 F 6-7 F 8-9 Cultivar Head rows Early yield trials Advanced yield trials

5

6 Yield of corn inbreds and hybrids (1920 to 1980) 8 Single cross hybrids 6 t/ha 4 Inbred lines Year

7 Hybrid Species Characteristics Show a high degree of heterosis. Able to produce inexpensive hybrid seed. Not easily produce good crop uniformity in OP cultivars, and have a high uniformity premium.

8 Why Develop Hybrid Cultivars (Hybridist) Heterosis is there to be exploited. Hybrid cultivars are economically attractive to seed companies. Technical difficulties can be overcome (usually seed production). Biological arguments are irrelevant.

9 Why Not Develop Hybrid Cultivars (Skeptic) There is no genetic or biological evidence for over-dominance (heterosis). It is possible to develop inbred cultivars that are as adapted as hybrids. High returns to seed companies should be weighed against high seed cost to farmers. Resources could be put to better use. Biological arguments are all-important.

10 Capital letters represent increasing alleles: lower case decreasing ones AA = Aa = 2 units increase aa = 0 units increase AABBCCDDEE =10 x aabbccddee =0 AaBbCcDdEe =10

11 Capital letters represent increasing alleles: lower case decreasing ones AA = Aa = 2 units increase aa = 0 units increase AAbbCCddEE =6 x aabbccddee =4 AaBbCcDdEe =10

12 Probability of AABBCCDDEE? x = (1/2) 5 = 1/32 x = p certain of at least one genotype n = Ln(1-p)/Ln(1-x)

13 90% 95% 99% 5 loci loci 2,357 3,066 7, loci 2,414,434 3,141,251 7,243,317

14 Crossing Population 1 F 1.pop.1

15 Crossing Population 1 F 1.pop.1 Crossing Population 2 F 1-pop.2

16 Crossing Population 1 F 1.pop.1 Crossing Population 2 F 1-pop.2 Inter-cross Selections Population 1 x Population 2

17 Crossing Population 1 F 1.pop.1 Crossing Population 2 F 1-pop.2 Inter-cross Selections Population 1 x Population 2 Select for combining ability

18 Crossing Population 1 F 1.pop.1 Crossing Population 2 F 1-pop.2 Inter-cross Selections Population 1 x Population 2 Select for combining ability New Cultivar Inbred pop.1 x Inbred pop2

19 Produce two, or more segregating populations. Develop inbred parental lines. Evaluate parental performance phenotypically. Evaluate parental performance genotypically. Evaluate specific hybrid cross combinations. Increase parental lines for commercial production.

20 Genotypic evaluation and Prediction Tester line(s) [n(n-1)]/2 [n(n-1)(n-2)]/2 [n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)]/8 pair-wise hybrids three-way crosses double crosses Diallel Crossing Design

21 Genotypic evaluation and Prediction A x B (P 1 x P 2 ) x P 3 ½[(P 1 x P 3 ) + (P 2 x P 3 )] (P 1 x P 2 ) x (P 3 x P 4 ) ¼[(P 1 x P 3 )+(P 1 x P 4 )+(P 2 x P 3 )+(P 2 x P 4 )]

22 Mechanical: Hermaphroditic species-female emasculation and pollination; Diclinous species are easier; Cost and labor inputs are prohibitive. Nuclear male sterile (NMS): Found in many species; Usually recessive (msms), MsMs & Msms are fertile, Problems in introducing NMS and 100% restoration.

23 Self-incompatibility (SI): SI usually recessive (s 1 s 1 ), S 1 s 1 are selfcompatible. SI system often not functional before flower opening. Obtaining 100% SI is rare. Offers cheap seed production. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS): Most common for hybrid development; Wide natural occurrence; Foreign cytoplasm can effect performance; Mostly dominant; Lack of pollen in male parent can affect insect pollinators.

24 CMS Production System A-cms - rfrf male-sterile x A -n - rfrf male-fertile A Maintainer

25 CMS Production System A-cms - rfrf male-sterile x A -n - rfrf male-fertile A Maintainer AA -cms - rfrf male-sterile x B-n - RfRf male-fertile

26 CMS Production System A-cms - rfrf male-sterile x A -n - rfrf male-fertile A Maintainer AA -cms - rfrf male-sterile x B-n - RfRf male-fertile AA B-cms - Rfrf male-fertile

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