Characteristics and Traits
|
|
- Ethan Black
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Characteristics and Traits Inquire: Characteristics and Traits Overview Alleles do not always behave in dominant and recessive patterns. Incomplete dominance describes situations in which the heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Codominance describes the simultaneous expression of both of the alleles in the heterozygote. Although diploid organisms can only have two alleles for any given gene, it is common for more than two alleles of a gene to exist in a population. In humans, as in many animals and some plants, females have two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Genes that are present on the X chromosome, but not the Y chromosome, are said to be X-linked, such that males only inherit one allele for the gene and females inherit two. Finally, some alleles can be lethal. Recessive lethal alleles are only lethal in homozygotes, but dominant lethal alleles are fatal in heterozygotes as well. Big Question: What are other ways to explain variance in genetic characteristics and traits? Watch: Robbery at Big Petunia s Cafe There are many ways that the traits you see can be coded in our DNA. When Gregor Mendel was studying genetics, he wanted to find out how he could predict the genotypes, or the specific genetic code, of a plant based on the phenotypes, or the characteristics, expressed. Let s use the following scenario to help understand how genotypes and phenotypes can be different. There s been a robbery at Big Petunia s Cafe, the hot hangout for all of the local plant life. Upon investigation of the crime scene, Sheriff Sage has discovered that a pea plant leaf was left near the register and now he s taking it in for DNA testing. He will look at the alleles, which are gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on two chromosomes. Sheriff Sage will look at whether or not the criminal is homozygous dominant, which is when the suspect has two dominant alleles (represented by two capital letters). The suspect could also be homozygous dominant, which is when the suspect has one dominant allele and one recessive allele (represented by one capital letter and one lower case letter). Lastly, the suspect could be homozygous recessive, which is when the suspect has two recessive alleles (represented by two lower case letters). Meanwhile, Deputy Dehlia has wrangled up the pea plant suspects and has collected all of their DNA information. Here s what she knows about the suspects; you might want to pause the video here to take notes. Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 1
2 Blossom has white flowers. Her husband, Ash, has violet flowers. Their four children all have violet flowers. Poppy has the dominant phenotype of violet flowers. Her husband, Alder, has the recessive phenotype of white flowers. Poppy and Alder have two children: one has white flowers and one has violet flowers. Aspen has white flowers and his wife, Ivy, has white flowers. They have no children. Although this problem is focused on monohybrid crosses, where the offspring of an organism only expresses one trait from a parent, other types of genetics can be seen through incomplete dominance, codominance, and x-linked traits. Sheriff Sage reports that the genotype for the criminal is heterozygous dominant. Who committed the crime? Poppy, Alder, Blossom, Ash, Aspen, or Ivy? Read through the lesson to find the answer! Read: Characteristics and Traits Overview Physical characteristics are expressed through the genes that are carried on chromosomes. Many people used to think that genetics were a blend of the parent s genes; for example, if your mother has blue eyes and your father has green eyes, then your eyes would be a blue/green color. However, when Gregor Mendel was conducting his work on genetics on pea plants, he found that it was more likely that some genes were passed on and others were repressed. Therefore, you were actually more likely to have green eyes like your father, rather than a blend from both parents. In the example of Mendel s pea plant, the genetic makeup of peas consists of two homologous (same) chromosomes, one from each parent. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same order of genes which represent the same characteristics, such as a violet flower. Gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes are called alleles. Mendel examined the inheritance of genes with just two allele forms (violet or white flower, wrinkled or round pea), but it is common to encounter more than two alleles for any given gene in a natural population, such as hair and eye color. Phenotypes and Genotypes Two alleles for a given gene in a diploid organism are expressed and interact to produce physical characteristics such as eye color. The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype (think pheno = what you see). An organism s underlying genetic makeup is called its genotype (think geno = genes). Diploid organisms that are homozygous at a given gene have two identical alleles for that gene on their homologous chromosomes. For example, a pea plant s genotype might be two alleles for white flowers, and the phenotype means that the plant actually shows white flowers. Diploid organisms having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome are heterozygous for the trait. For example, a pea plant that has one allele for a violet flower and one allele for a white flower (those are the genotypes) actually has violet flowers (phenotype). Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 2
3 Dominant and Recessive Alleles In all seven pea-plant characteristics, one of the two contrasting alleles was dominant, and the other was recessive. Mendel called the dominant allele the expressed unit factor; the recessive allele was referred to as the latent unit factor. The recessive allele will only be observed in homozygous recessive individuals, meaning that the genotype of the organism has to have two recessive alleles to be shown as a phenotype. For the purposes of this lesson, we will abbreviate genes using the first letter of the gene s corresponding dominant trait. For example, violet is the dominant trait for a pea plant s flower color, so the flower-color gene would be abbreviated as V. Furthermore, we will use uppercase and lowercase letters to represent dominant and recessive alleles, respectively. Therefore, we would refer to the genotype of a homozygous dominant pea plant with violet flowers as VV, a homozygous recessive pea plant with white flowers as vv, and a heterozygous pea plant with violet flowers as Vv. The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross When fertilization occurs between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic, the process is called a monohybrid cross, and the resulting offspring are monohybrids. A Punnett square, devised by the British geneticist Reginald Punnett, applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected frequencies. Try drawing a Punnett square (explained in the previous lesson titled: Mendel s Experiments and Punnett Squares) with the following characteristics: Vv and VV. What are the phenotypes for the resulting offspring? If you answered all violet flowers, you would be correct! The Test Cross Distinguishes the Dominant Phenotype Beyond predicting the offspring of a cross between known homozygous or heterozygous parents, Mendel also developed a way to determine whether an organism that expressed a dominant trait was a heterozygote or a homozygote. This method is called the test cross. In a test cross, the dominant-expressing organism is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for the same characteristic. If the dominant-expressing organism is a homozygote, then all F1 offspring will be heterozygotes expressing the dominant trait. Alternatively, if the dominant expressing organism is a heterozygote, the F1 offspring will exhibit a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes and recessive homozygotes. You can try this out by doing a Punnett square in reverse. Place the following offspring into the four boxes of a Punnett square: Vv, vv, vv, Vv. Can you determine from the offspring the genotype of the parents? If you guessed that one parent is Vv and the other is vv, then you would be correct! Mendel didn t know that pea plants with violet flowers had the allele for a recessive white flower until he did a test cross with a recessive plant. Reflect Poll: How Did I Get Blue Eyes? Did you know the gene for blue eyes began as a mutation? After time, the gene became a recessive gene. Do you know anyone that has blue eyes and their parents are both brown-eyed? Yes No Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 3
4 Expand: Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness Overview According to Mendel s experiments with pea plants, recessive alleles can be carried and not expressed by individuals. Such heterozygous individuals are sometimes referred to as carriers, like our Vv plant example in the previous section. Further genetic studies in other plants and animals have shown that much more complexity exists, but that the fundamental principles of Mendelian genetics still hold true. Incomplete Dominance The heterozygote phenotype occasionally appears to be intermediate between the two parents. For example, a cross between a homozygous parent with white flowers and a homozygous parent with red flowers will produce offspring with pink flowers. This pattern of inheritance is described as incomplete dominance, denoting the expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype. The allele for red flowers is incompletely dominant over the allele for white flowers. Codominance A variation on incomplete dominance is codominance, in which both alleles for the same characteristic are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote. An example of codominance is the MN blood groups of humans. The M and N alleles are expressed in the form of an M or N antigen present on the surface of red blood cells. Homozygotes express either the M or the N allele, and heterozygotes express both alleles equally. In a self-cross between heterozygotes expressing a codominant trait, the three possible offspring genotypes are phenotypically distinct. X-Linked Traits In humans, as well as in many other animals and some plants, the sex of the individual is determined by sex chromosomes. When a gene being examined is present on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome, it is said to be X-linked. When a female parent is homozygous for a recessive X-linked trait, she will pass the trait on to 100 percent of her offspring. Her male offspring are, therefore, destined to express the trait, as they will inherit their father's Y chromosome. In humans, the alleles for certain conditions (some forms of color blindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy) are X-linked. Females who are heterozygous for these diseases are said to be carriers and may not exhibit any phenotypic effects. These females will pass the disease on to half of their sons and will pass carrier status to half of their daughters; therefore, recessive X-linked traits appear more frequently in males than females. Who Robbed Big Petunia s Cafe? In the watch section, you learned about a scenario involving the difference between phenotype and genotype. If you haven t seen this video, take a minute to go back and watch it! The criminal was heterozygous dominant, which means that they have violet flowers. That narrows down the suspects to Ash and Poppy. However, we need to determine which suspect would have the genotype Vv, carrying the recessive white flower gene, but not showing it. You may notice that all of Ash s children have the dominant violet flower phenotype and his wife is recessive, meaning that Ash must be homozygous Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 4
5 dominant (VV). Try a Punnett square to check this work. That leaves us with Poppy. Notice that one of her children has the white flower phenotype, which they can only inherit if Poppy were heterozygous dominant! Poppy is the criminal! Lesson Toolbox Additional Resources and Readings An Amoeba Sisters video covering Punnett squares and sex-linked traits Link to resource: An Amoeba Sisters video explaining incomplete dominance and codominance Link to resource: A video helping you practice with Punnett squares Link to resource: Lesson Glossary alleles : gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes codominance : in a heterozygote, complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic genotype : underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles of an organism heterozygous : having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome homozygous : having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome incomplete dominance : in a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype monohybrid : result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic phenotype : observable traits expressed by an organism Punnett square : visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible zygotic genotypes are recombined at each box in the grid test cross : cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait X-linked : gene present on the X, but not the Y, chromosome Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 5
6 Check Your Knowledge 1. The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its. a. phenotype b. genotype c. alleles d. zygote 2. A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are for that trait. a. heterozygous b. homozygous or heterozygous c. homozygous d. diploids 3. If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of? a. dominance b. codominance c. multiple alleles d. incomplete dominance Answer Key: 1. A 2. C 3. D Citations Lesson Content: Authored and curated by Jill Carson for The TEL Library. CC BY NC SA 4.0 Adapted Content: Title: 12.2 Characteristics and Traits Phenotypes and Genotypes; The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross. OpenStax CNX. License: CC BY 4.0. Link to resource: Copyright TEL Library 2018 Page 6
Laws of Inheritance. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The seven characteristics that Mendel evaluated in his pea plants were each expressed as one of two versions, or traits. Mendel deduced from his results that each individual had two
More informationName Period. Keystone Vocabulary: genetics fertilization trait hybrid gene allele Principle of dominance segregation gamete probability
Name Period BIO B2 GENETICS (Chapter 11) You should be able to: 1. Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (dominant, recessive, co- dominant, incomplete dominance, sex- linked, polygenic
More information8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on
Chapter 8 8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes 8.4 Prokaryotes Can Exchange Genetic
More informationSemester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance
Semester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance heredity -characteristics passed from parent to offspring genetics -the scientific study of heredity trait - a specific characteristic of an individual genes -factors passed
More information11-1: Introduction to Genetics
11-1: Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genetics Vocabulary Genetics The study of heredity. Heredity The passing of physical characteristics from parents
More informationName Class Date. Review Guide. Genetics. The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?.
Name Class Date Review Guide Genetics The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?. True-breeding parental plants are called the generation. Their hybrid
More informationMeiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes
Meiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes 5.6 Explain how nondisjunction can result in whole chromosomal abnormalities. (Module 5.10) 5.7 Describe the inheritance patterns for strict dominant
More informationChapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1
Chapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1 I. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) a. Austrian monk with a scientific background b. Conducted numerous hybridization experiments with the garden pea, Pisum sativum,
More informationClass *GENETIC NOTES & WORKSHEETS
Name Class *GENETIC NOTES & WORKSHEETS DAY 1: Mendelian Genetics Vocabulary A. Genetics- Study of B. Heredity- The passing on of characteristics (traits) from to C. Trait A particular that can vary from
More informationGenetics and heredity. For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + =
Mendelian Genetics Genetics and heredity For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + = + = What was really lacking was a quantitative understanding of how particular traits were passed down
More informationGenes and Inheritance (11-12)
Genes and Inheritance (11-12) You are a unique combination of your two parents We all have two copies of each gene (one maternal and one paternal) Gametes produced via meiosis contain only one copy of
More informationPatterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance Mendel the monk studied inheritance keys to his success: he picked pea plants he focused on easily categorized traits he used true-breeding populations parents always produced offspring
More informationGenetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
More informationPatterns of Inheritance
1 Patterns of Inheritance Bio 103 Lecture Dr. Largen 2 Topics Mendel s Principles Variations on Mendel s Principles Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes 3 Experimental
More informationGenes and Inheritance
Genes and Inheritance Variation Causes of Variation Variation No two people are exactly the same The differences between people is called VARIATION. This variation comes from two sources: Genetic cause
More informationGenetics and Diversity Punnett Squares
Genetics and Diversity Punnett Squares 1 OUTCOME QUESTION(S): S1-1-12: How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring? Vocabulary & Concepts Allele Dominant Recessive Genotype
More informationUnit 7 Section 2 and 3
Unit 7 Section 2 and 3 Evidence 12: Do you think food preferences are passed down from Parents to children, or does the environment play a role? Explain your answer. One of the most important outcomes
More informationMeiosis and Genetics
Meiosis and Genetics Humans have chromosomes in each cell What pattern do you notice in the human karyotype (a technique that organizes chromosomes by type and size)? Humans are diploid 1 Gametes are produced
More informationIntroduction to Genetics and Heredity
Introduction to Genetics and Heredity Although these dogs have similar characteristics they are each unique! I. Early Ideas About Heredity A. The Theory of Blending Inheritance Each parent contributes
More informationGenetics & Heredity 11/16/2017
Genetics & Heredity Biology I Turner College & Career High School 2017 Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and a sperm. Purebred (True breeding plants) are plants that were allowed to selfpollinate and
More informationMendel and Heredity. Chapter 12
Mendel and Heredity Chapter 12 12.1 Objectives: 1.) summarize the importance of Mendel s experiments 2.)Differentiate between genes and alleles. 3.) Explain that alleles determine what physical traits
More informationMendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts
Mendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts 1. What is a mode of inheritance? 2. Can you define the following? a. Autosomal dominant b. Autosomal recessive 3. Who was Gregor Mendel? 4. What did
More informationMendel and Heredity. Chapter 12
Mendel and Heredity Chapter 12 Objectives: 1.) Differentiate between genotype and phenotype 2.)Differentiate between genes and alleles. 3.) Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles. 4.) Explain
More informationOCTOBER 21 Unit 5 Heredity 1. What is Heredity
OCTOBER 21 Unit 5 Heredity 1. What is Heredity the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Agenda 1. Warm-up 2. Mendlian Notes pg 5-6 3. Lets Practice
More informationMendelian Genetics. Biology 3201 Unit 3
Mendelian Genetics Biology 3201 Unit 3 Recall: Terms Genetics is a branch of biology dealing with the principles of variation and inheritance in animals and plants. Heredity the passing of traits from
More informationGenetics: field of biology that studies heredity, or the passing of traits from parents to offspring Trait: an inherited characteristic, such as eye
Genetics: field of biology that studies heredity, or the passing of traits from parents to offspring Trait: an inherited characteristic, such as eye colour or hair colour Gregor Mendel discovered how traits
More informationBiology Unit 7 Genetics 7:1 Genetics
Biology Unit 7 Genetics 7:1 Genetics Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants His work was not recognized until the 20 th century Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated
More informationCh 10 Genetics Mendelian and Post-Medelian Teacher Version.notebook. October 20, * Trait- a character/gene. self-pollination or crosspollination
* Trait- a character/gene shape, * Monk in Austria at age 21 * At 30, went to University of Vienna to study science and math * After graduating he returned to the monastery and became a high school teacher
More informationMendelian Genetics. You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism.
Heredity Chapter 3 3:1 Genetics Mendelian Genetics You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism. HEREDITY: traits that
More informationGenetics. Why do offspring resemble their parents? What role can technology play in genetics? Let s explore the answers to these questions.
In a monastery garden, a curious monk discovered some of the basic principles of genetics. The monk, Gregor Mendel (1822 1884), laid the groundwork for the study of genetics, which has advanced our understanding
More informationMendelian Genetics. Activity. Part I: Introduction. Instructions
Activity Part I: Introduction Some of your traits are inherited and cannot be changed, while others can be influenced by the environment around you. There has been ongoing research in the causes of cancer.
More informationMendelian Genetics Chapter 11
Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11 Starts on page 308 Roots, Prefixes & Suffixes: homo = hetero = geno = pheno = zyg = co = poly = Section 11-1: Mendel & His Peas I. Vocabulary Words: A. Gene - a small section
More informationName Class Date *PACKET NOTES & WORKSHEETS LAB GRADE
Name Class Date *PACKET NOTES & WORKSHEETS LAB GRADE MEIOSIS is specialized cell division resulting in cells with the genetic material of the parents Sex cells called have exactly set of chromosomes, this
More informationPre-AP Biology Unit 7 Genetics Review Outline
Unit 7 Genetics Review Outline Pre-AP Biology 2017-2018 LT 1 - I can explain the relationships among alleles, genes, chromosomes, genotypes, and phenotypes. This target covers application of the vocabulary
More informationGenetics and Heredity Notes
Genetics and Heredity Notes I. Introduction A. It was known for 1000s of years that traits were inherited but scientists were unsure about the laws that governed this inheritance. B. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics A Brief History In the past, people did not understand how traits were inherited, but there were many guesses based on things that could be observed. Two theories emerged.
More informationBiology 12. Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics Genetics: the science (study) of heredity that involves the structure and function of genes and the way genes are passed from one generation to the next. Heredity: the passing on of
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel. AP Biology
Genetics & The Work of Mendel Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas u used experimental method u used
More informationMENDELIAN GENETIC CH Review Activity
MENDELIAN GENETIC CH. 6.3-6.5 Review Activity Question 1 Who is considered to be the father of genetics? Answer 1 Question 2 Gregor Mendel What part of DNA directs a cell to make a certain protein? 1 Answer
More informationGENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY
GENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Genetics is the scientific study of heredity Heredity is essentially the study of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. GREGOR MENDEL
More informationChapter 17 Genetics Crosses:
Chapter 17 Genetics Crosses: 2.5 Genetics Objectives 2.5.6 Genetic Inheritance 2.5.10.H Origin of the Science of genetics 2.5.11 H Law of segregation 2.5.12 H Law of independent assortment 2.5.13.H Dihybrid
More informationSemester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance
Semester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance heredity -characteristics passed from parent to offspring genetics -the scientific study of heredity trait - a specific characteristic of an individual genes -factors passed
More informationYou are who you are because of a combination of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism.
Unit 6 Genetics 6.1 Genetics You are who you are because of a combination of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism. HEREDITY: traits that are passed from parents
More informationGenetics PPT Part 1 Biology-Mrs. Flannery
Genetics PPT Part Biology-Mrs. Flannery In an Abbey Garden Mendel studied garden peas because they were easy to grow, came in many readily distinguishable varieties, had easily visible traits are easily
More informationChapter 6 Heredity The Big Idea Heredity is the passing of the instructions for traits from one generation to the next.
Chapter 6 Heredity The Big Idea Heredity is the passing of the instructions for traits from one generation to the next. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Key Concept The work of Gregor Mendel explains the
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More informationThe Discovery of Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
The Discovery of Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits Outcomes: 1. Compare the pattern of inheritance produced by genes on the sex chromosomes to that produced by genes on autosomes, as investigated by Morgan.
More informationTest Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS Genetics Assessment. Student name:
Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS Genetics Assessment Student name: Author: Megan Kitchens School: SHAW HIGH SCHOOL Printed: Monday January 30, 2017 1 In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant
More informationGENETICS NOTES. Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 16
GENETICS NOTES Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 16 DNA contains the genetic code for the production of PROTEINS. A gene is a segment of DNA, which consists of enough bases to code for many different proteins. The
More informationdraw and interpret pedigree charts from data on human single allele and multiple allele inheritance patterns; e.g., hemophilia, blood types
Specific Outcomes for Knowledge Students will: 30 C2.1k describe the evidence for dominance, segregation and the independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes, as investigated by Mendel 30 C2.2k
More informationObjectives. ! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics. ! Explain the Law of Segregation.
Objectives! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics.! Explain the Law of Segregation.! Explain the Law of Independent Assortment.! Explain the concept of dominance.! Define
More informationCh 8 Practice Questions
Ch 8 Practice Questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What fraction of offspring of the cross Aa Aa is homozygous for the dominant allele?
More informationCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 6 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 6 Patterns of Inheritance Genetics Explains and Predicts Inheritance Patterns Genetics can explain how these poodles look different. Section 10.1 Genetics Explains and Predicts Inheritance Patterns
More informationMendelian Genetics. KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.
KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. Genetics is the
More informationModel of an F 1 and F 2 generation
Mendelian Genetics Casual observation of a population of organisms (e.g. cats) will show variation in many visible characteristics (e.g. color of fur). While members of a species will have the same number
More informationMendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele.
Section 2: Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What is the significance of Mendel
More informationGenetics. *** Reading Packet
Genetics *** Reading Packet 5.4 Mendel and His Peas Learning Objectives Describe Mendel's first genetics experiments. Introduction Why do you look like your family? For a long time people understood that
More informationMendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance A Bit on Gregor Mendel Born to a poor farming family in what is now part of Czech Republic Attended Augustinian monastery (1843) Became an excellent teacher
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More informationPedigrees: Genetic Family History
Pedigrees: Genetic Family History - Women are represented with a. - Men are represented with a. - Affected individuals are (individuals who express the trait). C B A D If this is you who are The other
More informationCh 9 Assignment. 2. According to the blending theory of inheritance, a white rabbit crossed with a red rabbit would produce what kind of offspring?
Big idea: Mendel s Laws Answer the following questions as you read modules 9.1 9.10: 1. The study of genetics can be traced back to the Greek physician 2. According to the blending theory of inheritance,
More informationUNIT 6 GENETICS 12/30/16
12/30/16 UNIT 6 GENETICS III. Mendel and Heredity (6.3) A. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics 1. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. 2. Genetics is the study of biological
More informationBiology. Chapter 13. Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 13 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Cengage Learning 2015 Cengage Learning 2015 After completing today s activities, students should
More informationGenetics: CH9 Patterns of Inheritance
Genetics: CH9 Patterns of Inheritance o o Lecture note Directions Highlight Key information (10-30% of most slides) My Thoughts: Questions, comments, additional information, connections to prior knowledge,
More informationExtra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics
Mendel fill in the blanks: Extra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics primarily using plants. He started with plants that produced offspring with only
More informationUnit 5 Review Name: Period:
Unit 5 Review Name: Period: 1 4 5 6 7 & give an example of the following. Be able to apply their meanings: Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Haploid Diploid Sex chromosomes
More informationGregor Mendel father of heredity
MENDEL AND MEIOSIS Gregor Mendel father of heredity MENDEL S LAWS OF HEREDITY Heredity branch of genetics dealing with the passing on of traits from parents to offspring Pea Plants Easy maintenance & large
More informationSexual Reproduction & Inheritance
Sexual Reproduction & Sexual Reproduction & Overview Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Genetic Diversity Mendel & The Laws of Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Prokaryotes
More informationPatterns in Inheritance. Chapter 10
Patterns in Inheritance Chapter 10 What you absolutely need to know Punnett Square with monohybrid and dihybrid cross Heterozygous, homozygous, alleles, locus, gene Test cross, P, F1, F2 Mendel and his
More informationGregor Mendel. What is Genetics? the study of heredity
Gregor Mendel What is Genetics? the study of heredity Gregor Mendel s Peas Pollen: plant s sperm Egg Cells: plants reproductive cells Fertilization: joining of pollen + egg cells develops into embryo in
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 31. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 31 11 3 Exploring Mendelian 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Genetics 2 of 31 Independent Assortment What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 Independent Assortment Independent
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics Remember DNA RNA Protein Traits DNA contains the code for proteins (protein synthesis remember?) Proteins determine our traits Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Father of Genetics Studied
More informationScience Olympiad Heredity
Science Olympiad Heredity Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A Punnett square shows you all the ways in which can combine. a.
More informationB-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics The Chromosome theory of inheritance is a basic principle in biology that states genes
More informationUnit 3. Intro. Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Genetics. Sep 6 5:24 PM.
Unit 3.notebook June 03, 2014 Unit 3 Genetics Sep 6 5:24 PM Intro Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Feb 27 1:30 PM Intro Heredity The passing of genetic
More informationChapter 13: Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 13: Patterns of Inheritance 1 Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Between 1856 and 1863 28,000 pea plants Called the Father of Genetics" 2 Site of Gregor Mendel s experimental garden in the Czech Republic
More informationGregor Mendel Father of Genetics
Genetics and Mendel Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel First person to trace characteristics of living things Augustinian Monk Lived and worked in an Austrian monastery in the mid-1800s Parents
More informationLabrador Coat Color Similar to coat color in mice: Black lab is BxEx Yellow lab is xxee Chocolate lab is bbex Probable pathway:
Honors Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) German monk at the Augustine Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno (today in the Czech Republic). He was a gardener, teacher and priest. Mendel conducted experiments
More informationFundamentals of Genetics
Fundamentals of Genetics For thousands of years people have known that living things somehow pass on some type of information to their offspring. This was very clear in things that humans selected to breed
More informationMendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
More informationLecture 18 Basics: Genes and Alleles
Lecture 18 Basics: Genes and Alleles Basic vocabulary Gene: Allele: Homologous chromosomes: Homozygous vs heterozygous Genotype: Phenotype: Lecture 18 Page 1 More vocabulary: P (Parental) generation: Gamete:
More informationHe called these new plants hybrids because they received different genetic information, or different alleles, for a trait from each parent.
/6/204 in a Garden Each time Mendel studied a trait, he crossed two plants with different expressions of the trait and found that the new plants all looked like one of the two parents. He called these
More informationREVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics
REVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics ACP BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Meiosis & Fertilization (Ch. 11.4, 14.1-2) and Classical Genetics (Ch. 11.1-3) Handouts:! NOTES Meiosis & Fertilization!
More informationGENETICS - NOTES-
GENETICS - NOTES- Warm Up Exercise Using your previous knowledge of genetics, determine what maternal genotype would most likely yield offspring with such characteristics. Use the genotype that you came
More informationREVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics
REVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics HONORS BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Meiosis & Fertilization (Ch. 11.4, 14.1-2) and Classical Genetics (Ch. 11.1-3) Handouts:! NOTES Meiosis & Fertilization!
More informationGenetics Practice Questions
Name: ate: 1. If Jessica has light eyes (bb) and both of her parents have dark eyes (b) which statement is true?. Jessica inherited both genes from her father.. Jessica inherited both genes from her mother..
More informationLab 5: Testing Hypotheses about Patterns of Inheritance
Lab 5: Testing Hypotheses about Patterns of Inheritance How do we talk about genetic information? Each cell in living organisms contains DNA. DNA is made of nucleotide subunits arranged in very long strands.
More informationUNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis
Where are we in this course??? UNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis Today we will start with UNIT 2 A. Mendel and the Gene
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS. Punnet Squares and Pea Plants
MENDELIAN GENETICS Punnet Squares and Pea Plants Introduction Mendelian laws of inheritance are statements about the way certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism.
More informationGenetics and Heredity
Genetics and Heredity History Genetics is the study of genes. Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation. Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are made
More informationExtensions of the Laws of
Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Mendel studied traits with only one mode of inheritance in pea plants. The inheritance of the traits he studied all followed the relatively simple
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics Remember DNA RNA Protein Traits DNA contains the code for proteins (protein synthesis remember?) Proteins determine our traits Remember Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Father of Genetics
More informationInheritance. Children inherit traits from both parents.
Have you ever been told you have your mother s eyes or your father s smile? Have you ever noticed you share your grandfather s eye color or possibly your grandmother s curly hair, and yet your parents
More informationUnit 6.2: Mendelian Inheritance
Unit 6.2: Mendelian Inheritance Lesson Objectives Define probability. Explain how probability is related to inheritance. Describe how to use a Punnett square. Explain how Mendel interpreted the results
More informationThe Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are
The Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are influenced by genes. We also know that genes are the way parents
More information1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants:
Genetics Homework Bio 120 1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants: Y = yellow y = green B) Genotype of yellow
More information11.1 The Work of Mendel
11.1 The Work of Mendel Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Objectives Describe Mendel s classic garden pea experiment. Summarize Mendel s conclusion about inheritance.
More informationInheritance. What is inheritance? What are genetics? l The genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring, taken collectively
Genetics Interest Grabber Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way in which the ear lobes are attached. Make
More informationName Hour. Section 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages )
Name Hour Section 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263-266) Introduction (page 263) 1. The scientific study of heredity is called. Gregor Mendel's Peas (pages 263-264) 2. Circle the letter of each
More informationDate Pages Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous?
1 Patterns of Inheritance Process and Procedures Date Pages 645-650 Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous? 6. Record the colors of the two beads. Are they homozygous
More information